21世纪以来美国北极战略的演进及其特点

The Evolution and Performance of the U.S.Arctic Strategy in the 21st Century

21世纪以来,美国的北极战略经历了小布什政府时期的反恐战争、奥巴马政府时期的全球战略调整,以及特朗普政府执政后的大国战略竞争的阶段性演进,其政策逻辑体现为安全战略的攻防转换、环境治理的周期性变化以及对能源开发的平衡取舍三方面的嵌套。具体而言,美国北极安全战略的性质由防御逐步转为进攻,在北极环境议题上呈现出基于党派轮替的周期性变化,北极能源政策的变化则是美国政府在经济效益、能源安全及环境保护之间进行平衡和取舍的结果。拜登政府执政以来,美国的北极战略兼具延续性和变动性,更加平衡也更符合美国所处的历史环境与现实需要。

Since the beginning of 21st century,the U.S.Arctic strategy has been evolving in phases,going through three administrations in sequence that pivots to the global war on terrorism,adjusting global strategy,and restoring great power competition.The logic of the evolution is manifest in three aspects:a transition from defensive to offensive posture,periodical changes in environmental governance,and the trade-off regarding energy development.Specifically,the U.S.Arctic strategy in terms of security has gradually shifted from defensive to offensive,policy concerning environmental issues varied periodically with partisan change in government,and the energy policy evolved as an outcome of trade-off among concerns of economic benefit,energy security,and environmental damage.Since the Biden administration took the office,the U.S.Arctic strategy has witnessed both continuity and variation,which is more balanced and coordinated with historical and current needs of the U.S.