美国禁诉令制度之发展及其对中国的启示

The Developments of Antisuit Injunctions in the United States and Their Implications for China

禁诉令作为一种救济方式起源于英国,并逐渐在多国法院的国际民事诉讼中得到采用。美国禁诉令制度作为一种特殊的禁令制度,既受一般禁令的法律规则和原则调整,同时在长期的实践中也形成了独特的规范框架。美国禁诉令制度的独特规范框架体现为其采用特别标准来判断是否颁发禁诉令,特别标准所涉及的考虑因素包括门槛要件、有利于禁诉令颁发的因素和不利于禁诉令颁发的国际礼让因素。这种独特的规范框架在美国标准必要专利诉讼中所颁发的禁诉令上得到了充分的体现。中国法院在标准必要专利诉讼中颁发禁诉令时,较多地借鉴了美国的司法实践,使得中美禁诉令颁发标准较为类似。因此,只批评中国禁诉令而不批评美国禁诉令的做法是典型的采用双重标准,并无理据可言。另外,通过系统考察美国禁诉令制度并将其与中国禁诉令制度相比较,我们可以获得若干启示。未来中国如需制定禁诉令规则,可以着重关注实体标准、颁发程序、具体内容等方面规则的建构。

As a remedy,antisuit injunctions,having originated from the United Kingdom,have come to be widely adopted in international civil litigations in courts of other countries.The United States courts led the world's trend by issuing antisuit injunctions in standard-essential patent cases with salient characteristics.Being a particular type of injunction,American antisuit injunctions are regulated not only by the principles and rules governing injunctions,but also by a peculiar governing framework that consists of statutes dedicated to the limitation of antisuit injunctions and various standards adopted by different courts and divergent approaches of applying those standards.Special standards for antisuit injunctions,composed of threshold requirements and elements conducive and adverse to the issuance of antisuit injunctions,have formed during practice that are different from the standard for injunctions in general.These principles and rules are fully embodied in the standard-essential patent cases involving antisuit injunctions.Chinese courts borrowed much from the United States practice in awarding antisuit injunctions in standard-essential patent cases,against which criticisms were leveled unjustified.Based on comparisons with the American antisuit injunctions,antisuit injunctions in China can be improved in the substantive standards,issuing procedure and concrete terms.