不同水分管理方式对旱直播水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

Effects of Different Water Management on Yield and Rice Quality of Dry-seeded Rice

【目的】研究旱直播模式下不同水分管理方式对水稻产量、光合生理特性和稻米品质的影响,以期为干旱气候条件下的节水栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田小区试验,以杂交稻旱优73和常规稻黄华占为试验材料,通过设置全生育期内旱管和水管两种水分管理模式,综合考查旱直播模式下不同水分管理方式对水稻叶片光合特性、地上部干物质积累及分配、产量和稻米品质的影响。【结果】水稻旱直播模式下进行旱作栽培显著提高了水分利用效率和水稻产量,降低了稻米的外观品质和食味品质。与淹水灌溉相比,旱作处理显著提高了叶片SPAD值和齐穗期净光合速率,促进了地上部干物质的积累;增加了茎秆和叶片干物质转运量和对籽粒贡献率,进而提高了水稻有效穗和千粒重。其中,黄华占和旱优73产量分别增加14.0%和11.9%。旱作处理对加工品质没有显著影响,但显著降低了直链淀粉含量,增加了蛋白质含量;同时降低籽粒中重金属砷的含量,增加了重金属镉的含量。【结论】水稻旱直播模式为干旱气候条件下的水稻适应性栽培提供了可能,但稻米品质与产量协同提升因品种而异。因此,旱直播模式下高效优质栽培技术还需进一步研究。

【Objective】The effects of different water management on rice yield,photosynthetic physiological characteristics and rice quality under dry direct seeding mode were studied to lay a theoretical basis for water-saving cultivation under arid climate conditions.【Method】With hybrid rice Hanyou 73 and conventional rice Huanghuazhan as experimental materials,a field experiment was carried out under flooding irrigation(W)and dry cultivation(D)to evaluate the effects of irrigation regimes on photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves,dry matter accumulation and distribution,yield and rice quality.【Result】Dry cultivation of rice under dry direct seeding mode significantly improved water use efficiency,increased rice yield,and reduced the appearance quality and eating quality of rice.Compared with flooding irrigation,dry cultivation significantly increased the SPAD value of leaves and the net photosynthetic rate at the heading stage,and promoted the accumulation of dry matter in shoot.The dry matter translocation amount and contribution rate from stem and leaf to grain were promoted,and the effective panicle number and 1000-grain weight of rice were increased.The yield of Huanghuazhan and Hanyou 73 increased by 14.0%and 11.9%,respectively.Dry cultivation had no significant effect on processing quality,but significantly reduced amylose contents and increased protein contents.At the same time,it reduced the content of heavy metal arsenic and increased the content of heavy metal cadmium in grains.【Conclusion】Dry cultivation under dry direct seeding mode provides the possibility for the adaptive cultivation of rice under dry climate conditions,but the synergistic improvement of rice quality and yield varies with variety.Therefore,more efforts should be made in developing the high-efficiency and high-quality cultivation technology under the dry direct seeding mode.