清末民初北京话“简直”的语义特征和话语功能

The Semantic Features and Discourse Functions of the Beijing Dialect“JianZhi”in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

清末民初副词“简直”具有三种语义,一是方式副词,表达“直接”义(记作“简直1”);二是语气副词,表达“索性、干脆”义(记作“简直2”);三是语气副词,表达“强调”义(记作“简直3”),具体分为“确信”和“夸张”,表示“确信”时,后面的VP多为现实情态,属于基于客观事实的肯定和强调,表示“夸张”时,VP多为非现实情态,这时的主观性较前者强,属于对主体感受的强调。句法分布方面,首先“简直2”对祈使句具有绝对的倾向性,这与表达言者指令的功能相关;“简直3”小句主要用于陈述句,少数用于感叹句,这与陈述句提供信息的功能有关。其次,“简直2”和“简直3”都倾向位于小句句首位置,这也进一步验证了“简直”具有较强的评注性,一般出现在小句或谓词性短语的前面,表达言者的语气、评价或建议。文章认为,“简直”的主要功能是表达言者立场:a.用于直接引出评价内容,凸显焦点信息,强化话语立场;b.用于表达言者态度立场,多表示负面评价;c.用于建言,表达强交互主观性。在b、c两类情况下,“简直”后面的VP的语义色彩不受限制,a类情况下“简直”后面的VP倾向于使用否定性成分,表达强否定性。

The adverb“JianZhi”in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China has three meanings.One is the adverb of manner,which expresses the meaning of“directness”(record as“JianZhi1”);The second is mood adverbs,which express the meaning of“simple and straightforward”(re-cord as“JianZhi2”);The third is mood adverbs,which express the meaning of“emphasis”(record as“JianZhi3”),It can be divided into“convinced”and“exaggerated”,When“convinced”is expressed,the following VPs are mostly realistic and belong to affirmation and emphasis based on objective factsand When“exaggeration”is expressed,VP is mostly unrealistic.At this time,the subjectivity is stronger than the former,which belongs to the emphasis on subjective feelings.Syntactic distribution,first“JianZhi2”has an absolute tendency to imperative sentences,which is related to the function of expressing the speak-er’s instructions;The“JianZhi3”clause is mainly used for declarative sentences,and a few for exclamato-ry sentences,which is related to the function of declarative sentences in providing information.Secondly,both“JianZhi2”and“JianZhi3”tend to be located at the beginning of a clause,which further verifies that“Jian”has a strong commentability.It usually appears in front of clauses or predicative phrases to express the speaker’s tone,comments or suggestions.The article believes that the main function of“simply”is to express the speaker’s position:a.It is used to directly lead out the evaluation content,highlight the focus information,and strengthen the discourse position;b.It is used to express the speaker’s attitude and posi-tion,and most of them express negative comments;c.Used to make suggestions and express strong inter-action subjectivity.In the case of b and c,the semantic color of the VP after“simply”is unrestricted,while in the case of a,the VP after“simply”tends to use negative elements to express strong negativity.