华北夏谷水肥优化管理综合评价

Comprehensive evaluation on optimal management of water and fertilizer in summer foxtail millet of North China

目前水肥优化管理的评价方法难以兼顾产量、经济效益、养分效率、灌溉产出等多项目标,为优化谷子种植水肥管理方案,采用L_(9)(3^(4))正交试验设计,在成熟期取样,测定谷子形态、生物量、产量、养分含量,分析养分收获指数、肥料偏生产力、灌溉产出和经济效益,运用变异系数法和模糊隶属函数法分别确定指标的权重和隶属度,综合评价谷子水肥优化管理。结果表明,在灌溉、氮、磷和钾肥等4个因素中,对产量影响程度排序为:灌溉>氮肥>钾肥,磷肥产量无显著影响。每生产100 kg籽粒产量,平均吸收1.90 kg氮、0.31 kg磷、0.55 kg钾。氮、磷、钾肥和灌溉具有协同效应:灌溉对谷子植株养分分配与累积影响达到极显著水平,氮、磷和钾肥协同影响谷子植株养分分配与累积,氮和钾肥对水分利用率也有显著影响。谷子水肥管理优化需以目标为导向,当以环境友好、资源高效、投入低廉为主要目标时,采纳SF1组合为宜,即水150 t·hm^(-2)·次^(-1),灌溉4次,氮肥150kg·hm^(-2),磷肥75 kg·hm^(-2),钾肥75 kg·hm^(-2),当以高产、高经济效益兼顾某单一资源高效利用为主要目标时,采纳SF9组合为宜,即水450 t·hm^(-2)·次^(-1),灌溉4次,氮肥300 kg·hm^(-2),磷肥150 kg·hm^(-2),钾肥75 kg·hm^(-2)。研究对谷子高效生产具有一定指导价值。

The current evaluation methods for optimal management of water and fertilizer are difficult to take into account multiple objectives such as yield,economic benefits,nutrient efficiency,and irrigation output.In order to optimize the water and fertilizer management for foxtail millet planting,an L_(9)(3^(4))orthogonal experimental design was employed to optimize the water and fertilizer management scheme of millet planting.Samples were collected during the harvest period to measure millet morphology,biomass,yield,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium contents.Nutrient harvest index,fertilizer partial productivity,irrigation output,and economic benefits were analyzed.The weight and membership degree of the index were determined using the method of variation coefficient and fuzzy membership function,respectively,to comprehensively evaluate the optimal management of millet water and fertilizer.The results showed that among the four factors of water,nitrogen fertilizer,phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer,the order of influence on yield was water>nitrogen fertilizer>potassium fertilizer>phosphorus fertilizer.Water,nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer had significant impact on the yield,but phosphorus fertilizer had no significant impact on the yield.For every 100 kg grain yield produced,the average absorption was 1.90 kg N,0.31 kg P and 0.55 kg K.Nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and water had synergistic effects:water had a very significant impact on the distribution and accumulation of nutrients in millet plants;nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium had a synergistic effect on the distribution and accumulation of nutrients in millet plants,and nitrogen and potassium fertilizers had a significant impact on irrigation output ratio.Goal-oriented selection of millet water and fertilizer management was required.When the main objectives were environmentfriendly,hight resource efficient and low investment,it was appropriate to adopt SF1 combination,that was,150 t·hm^(-2)·time^(-1) of water,four times of irrigation,150 kg·hm^(-2) of nitrogen fertilizer,75 kg·hm^(-2) of phosphorus fertilizer and 75 kg·hm^(-2) of potassium fertilizer.When the main objectives were high yield,high net economic benefits and hight efficient utilization of a single resource,it was appropriate to adopt SF9 combination,that was,450 t·hm^(-2) times of water,four times of irrigation,nitrogen fertilizer 300 kg·hm^(-2),phosphorus fertilizer 150 kg·hm^(-2) and potassium fertilizer 75 kg·hm^(-2).This study had certain guiding value for efficient millet production.