论康德人性论系统中的趋恶倾向

On the Propensity to Evil in Kant's System of Human Nature

在康德那里,人的本性具有向善禀赋和趋恶倾向两个方面。在这个人性论系统中,康德着重地论述了人的本性中的趋恶倾向,指出这种趋恶倾向(最高层次意义上的)在于人颠倒了道德法则与偏好之间的主从次序。关于趋恶倾向,康德一方面指出它以自由任意为基底,另一方面指出它是人生而具有的,是普遍地存在于人类之中的。然而康德却没有为趋恶倾向的普遍性提供任何证明。趋恶倾向的普遍性证明问题可以通过康德对于人的感性和理性双重本性的区分加以解决。

Kant puts forward that human nature has two respects,namely"a predisposition to good"and"a propensity to evil",thus Kant constructs his system of human nature.Kant points out that the propensity to evil(in the sense of the highest level)consists in that humans reverse the order between moral law and inclination.With regard to the propensity to evil,Kant points out on the one hand that it is relevant to free choice of humans,on the other hand that it is owned by humans by nature,and it is universally in human beings.However,Kant doesn't provide any proof for the universality of the propensity to evil.The problem about the proof for the universality of the propensity to evil can be solved from Kant's distinction between human's sensibility and reason.