非物质文化遗产语境下的潮州工夫茶艺

Chaozhou Gongfucha in the Context of Intangible Cultural Heritage

在过去20年的非物质文化遗产保护与传承的语境下,我国茶行业固有的“大师”情结与“非物质文化遗产代表性传承人”的头衔相结合,在推动地方茶行业相关技术操作规范化、产品品牌化、传播具象化方面发挥了重要作用。潮州工夫茶在国家、政府的支持与当地精英的推动下,出现了以代表性非遗传承人为主体的“大师”和年轻女性为主体的职业茶艺师的分层。“大师”负责定义“传统”、制定行业规范,并设计出一套便于传播的潮州工夫茶标准操作程序,而年轻的女性学员们更多是照搬这一套“规范的传统”,在执行过程中逐渐丧失了人对技术掌握的主体性,在某种程度上也背离了非物质文化遗产保护项目的核心精神一一保护人类文化的多样性。

In the context of the protection and transmission of intangible cultural heritage(ICH),a few"masters"who were already prestigious figures in the tea industry,have acquired in the past 20 years a new status as"representative inheritors"ofICH.These masters have played an essential role in promoting the standardisation of technical practices,product labelling,and the dissemination of the local tea industry.However,the promotion of Chaozhou gongfucha by the local government and elites has gradually led to a division between tea practitioners,mainly including the masters officially designated as"representative inheritors",and young professional female tea artists.The masters are in charge of defining the tradition,normalising the operation,and developing a set of sklls for making gongfucha that can be easily disseminated.In contrast,most young women artists simply"copy"this"standardised tradition",gradually losing the subjectivity of the individual towards the bodily technique in the process of implementation.More critically,this so-named tradition also deviates from the spirit of preservation of ICH,which aims to protect the cultural diversity of human beings.