对“指使型”交通肇事罪的法教义学反思——以武某某交通肇事案为例

Reflect on the Legal Doctrine of Direction-Related Traffic Crimes——Take a Wu’s Case of Traffic Crime for Example

司法实践依据现有过失犯认定模型,不断扩大“指使型”交通肇事行为的入罪口径,主观归罪的嫌疑明显。该做法会导致刑法过度介入到尚不具备刑事违法性的行为中,侵占民行法律的适用空间。原因主要在于“指使型”交通肇事罪构成要件模糊、过度忽视被指使人行为违法性的独立判断以及《交通解释》的形式化适用等。针对上述司法适用与刑法谦抑性不相协调的问题,首先应该在“指使型”交通肇事行为入罪的要件鉴定上,适当扩大对主管及承包人员的主体资格认定,以期达到抑制运输行业中的强令行为;其次是在“指使、强令”与肇事结果的因果关系判断中充分适用客观归责理论,实现结果预见可能性到结果避免可能性判断重点的转向,有效限缩过失犯的成立,避免在形式化的条件说模型下结果归责;最后是将“指使型”交通肇事行为进一步细分为纯正和不纯正指使型,完成对不纯正指使型交通肇事行为入罪可能性的排除。

The judicial practice based on the existing model of negligence tends to expand the range of the incriminalization of direction-related traffic crime and has a suspicion of subjective imputation.This practice will lead to excessive involvement of criminal law in acts that are not criminally illegal,thus encroaching upon the space of the implementation of civil and administrative law.The main reasons for this goes as follows:the vagueness of constitutive elements of direction-related traffic crime,too much ignorance of the independent judgment of the directed person’s illegal conduct and the formalized implementation of the"Traffic Interpretation".Targeting the above-mentioned problem of disagreement between judicial implementation and the criminal law,judicial officers should identify the main elements of the incriminalization of direction-related traffic crime,and appropriately expand the identification of the very persons in charge or those contracted personnel so as to curb the forced behaviors in the transport sector.Then judicial officers should fully apply the objective imputation theory in determining the causal relationship between the"direction and forcible order"and shift the attention from the possibility of foreseeing the outcome to the possibility of avoiding the accident,thus effectively limiting the establishment of negligence and avoiding incriminalization under the formalized conditions of the model.Finally,they should further divide the direction-related traffic behaviors into pure direction and impure direction,and eliminate the possibility of incriminalization for the impure direction-related traffic actor.