2000—2020年西藏雅鲁藏布江中游河谷黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区生态系统格局变化及驱动因素研究

Study on the Changes in Ecosystem Patterns and Drivers of the Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve in the Middle Yarlung Tsangpo River Valley,Tibetin Year 2000—2020

西藏雅鲁藏布江中游河谷黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区作为世界上最主要的黑颈鹤越冬栖息地,探索其生态系统格局和演变特征具有现实意义。文章对2000—2020年黑颈鹤保护区生态系统格局进行分析,采用景观格局指数等定量分析方法研究了其格局总体演化特征及空间转化情况,分析了主要驱动因素对生态系统变化的影响。20年间黑颈鹤保护区6大生态系统变化主要分为两个阶段:2000—2010年,主要表现为森林、草地、湿地与农田生态系统之间的相互转移占据其生态系统变化的主要部分;2010—2020年,主要表现为森林、草地与湿地生态系统之间的相互转移占据其生态系统变化的主要部分,但是向城镇生态系统转化的趋势成为主导。森林、湿地生态系统变化驱动因素为政策保护;城镇生态系统变化驱动因素为人类用地需求;草地生态系统变化驱动因素为植树造林和土地开发。为使黑颈鹤保护区生态系统的可持续发展,建议实施青藏高原重大生态保护和修复工程,划定生态保护红线,合理规划城市化进程中的土地利用,保护优质耕地,禁止重要湿地的开发。

The Yarlung Tsangpo River valley in Tibet hosts the world's major wintering habitat for black-necked cranes.Exploring ecosystem pattern and evolutionary characteristics of black-necked cranes has practical signif-icance for understanding and conserving this vital habitat.The ecosystem pattern,its spatial transformation and the overall evolutionary characteristics from year 2000 to 2020 of the Black-necked Crane Reserve and the im-pact of main driving factors on ecosystem changes were studied by using quantitative analysis methods such as landscape pattern index.The ecosystem changes in the Black-necked Crane Reserve were dominated by inter-changes between forest,grassland,wetland and farmland ecosystems during the year 2000 to 2010.The inter-changes between forest,grassland,and wetland ecosystems remained dominant but the trend of transformation to urban ecosystems became prominent during year 2010 to 2020.The changes in forest and wetland ecosystems were driven by policy protection measures and the change in urban ecosystem was driven by human land de-mand,while the change in grassland ecosystem was driven by afforestation and land development.These findings suggested that targeted conservation policies and sustainable land-use practices should be implemented.To en-sure the sustainable development of the ecosystem of the Black-necked Crane Reserve,the ecological protection and restoration projects should be implemented on the Tibetan Plateau including delineating ecological protec-tion red lines,developing rational planning of land use in the process of urbanization,protecting high-quality ara-ble land and prohibiting development of important wetlands.These actions are necessary to mitigate the negative impacts of human activities on the ecosystem of the Black-necked Crane Reserve and to ensure the long-term conservation of this vital habitat.