解释论下惩罚性赔偿在气候变化侵权责任中的适用探析

Research on The Application of Punitive Damages in Tort Liability Resulting from Climate Change under Theory of Interpretation

因碳排放行为导致的气候变化侵权纠纷能够适用《民法典》污染环境和破坏生态侵权责任规范,责任承担主体为碳排放企业,享有请求权的主体既包括财产权益或人格权益受损的单一民事主体,亦包括得通过公益诉讼方式请求气候变化侵权责任的特定有权主体。在气候变化侵权责任中,惩罚性赔偿的适用具有正当性及必要性,但仍应维持谦抑及审慎态度。在气候变化侵权公益诉讼中,惩罚性赔偿的适用具有立法及司法上的正当性,在此基础上,一般性的气候变化侵权诉讼中的惩罚性赔偿存在适用过失相抵规则的法理基础,气候变化侵权公益诉讼中的惩罚性赔偿则无过失相抵规则适用的余地。

The climate litigation caused by carbon emission can apply the environmental damage tort liability based on the Civil Code.The subject of responsibility is the carbon emission entity,and the subject who has the right to claim includes not only a single civil subject whose property rights or personality rights have been damaged,but also a specific right subject who can claim climate change tort liability through public interest litigation.In climate change tort liability,the application of punitive damages can be justified and considered necessary,but a modest and prudent attitude should still be uphold.In climate change tort public interest litigation,the application of punitive damages has legislative and judicial legitimacy.In flight of the findings above,there is legal basis for the application of the comparative negligence rule in the punitive damages caused by general climate change tort litigation,while there is hardly any room for the comparative negligence rule to be applied to the punitive damages in climate change tort public interest litigation.