关于汉语常用词演变研究的几点看法

Some Views on the Evolution of Common Chinese Words

常用词主要指的是词汇史上表示与人类日常生活密切相关的常用概念的“古今同义词”,多以表示相同概念的一组词或词群的形式出现。从研究范式来看,汉语常用词演变研究经历了组对更替式研究、语义场及概念场研究、历时演变与共时分布结合研究、词汇兴替与词义演变结合研究、词汇类型学视角下的汉语常用词演变研究等研究范式。常用词演变所呈现出的规律有:地域分布印证常用词演变;时空对应关系的复杂性;方言词汇“第一次分类”的不同有的与上下位词间的演变紧密相关;与动词、形容词相比,名词在演变中呈现出更强的双音化趋势;处在同一概念场、近义概念场或反义概念场中的成员存在演变模式相同的现象。在相同的语义聚合条件下,词的“类同引申”不具有必然性。基于“转喻”的语义演变更为常见。

The common word refers to the“ancient and modern synonyms”that express common concepts closely related to human daily life in the history of vocabulary,which exist in the form of a group of words or word groups that express the same concept.In terms of paradigms,the research on the evolution of common Chinese words has experienced five stages,i.e.,group replacement research,semantic field and concept field research,the combination of diachronic evolution and synchronic distribution,the study of both vocabulary rise and fall and words meaning evolution,and the evolution of common Chinese words from the perspective of lexical typology.There display five rules in the evolution of common words.Firstly,the evolution of common words are confirmed by the geographical distribution.Secondly,the time-space correspondence shows the complexity.Thirdly,when it comes to the“first classification”of dialectal words,some differences are closely related to the evolution of superordinates and hyponyms.Fourthly,compared with verbs and adjectives,nouns show a stronger disyllabic tendency in their evolution.Fifthly,there are instances where the members in the same concept fields,synonymous concept fields or antonymous concept fields have the same pattern of evolution.Under the same condition of semantic aggregation,there is no necessity in the“similar extension”of words.The semantic evolutions based on metonymy are more common.