畸于人而侔于天——生命哲学视域下《庄子》中的“畸人”之德及其美学意义

The Virtue of“Jiren”and Its Aesthetic Significance in Zhuangzi from the Perspective of Life Philosophy

《庄子》中的“畸人”,畸于人而同于天。畸人内德充实,生命力顽强,与神人、至人等理想人格形成互补关系。“畸人”之德,其一,以道为宗,师法自然;其二,超越形骸,忘怀生死;其三,具有以“畸”为用、以无用为大用的生存智慧,与物为春,与时俱化;其四,“独”,保持精神和人格的独立和自由。他们游方之外,以醒世者的姿态批判礼俗社会对生命和人性自由的框限,反对对人的同质化和标准化要求。庄子借“畸人”形象,一方面开创了对后世影响深远的“审丑”美学;另一方面展示了丰富的生命哲学意涵,期待人们能跳出成心和定见的思维惯性,对生命作平等观照,从而实现精神的超越和独立。

Jiren in Zhuangzi is a kind of person who are different and virtuous.The morality of Jiren is substantial,and their life is tenacious.The personalities of Jiren,Shenren and Zhiren are complementary to each other.First,they take Tao as the essential aims and learn from nature.Second,they transcend human body and forget life and death.Third,they had the living wisdom which make full use of deformity,and they develop with the time.Fourth,they live outside of the world.As the marginal men and the lonely,they could keep their spirits independent and free,and they criticize the courtesy society which constrains people’s freedom and personalities.They oppose homogenization and standardization of human beings.On one hand,Zhuangzi creates the Ugliness Appreciation;on the other hand,Zhuangzi shows rich philosophical implications by the image of Jiren.And it hopes that people can jump out of the discrimination and conventional thinking,and take an equal view of life,realizing spiritual transcendence and independence.