苏联经验与中国林园 全国农业展览馆设计与建造历史

Soviet Pattern Plus Chinese Garden Design and Construction of the China National Agricultural Exhibition Center

全国农业展览馆是为庆祝新中国成立十周年而建的首都“十大建筑”之一,是1958年建成的“旧馆”和由10幢新建筑组成的新馆的合称。全国农展馆的规划和建筑单体设计都借鉴了中国传统设计手法,园林理景、建筑造型及室内外装饰都具有民族风格,兼用多种新技术活跃建筑群的艺术处理,使其成为“一个万花锦簇的林园和一所优美的艺术文化的宫殿”。文章首先回溯了作为全国农展馆重要参考的3次苏联农业展览会的历史及其展馆的设计手法与特征,重点论述新中国成立后的三次农展会期间,尤其是1958一1959年全国农展馆新馆的策划、总图规划、建筑设计、建造施工及竣工后的布展利用,比较分析其与全苏农展馆的异同,论证农展馆的设计和施工质量良好。农展馆是新中国最早的园林式展览馆建筑群,其规划和建设集中反映了新中国成立十年来建筑业的成就,尤其以建筑为主体的现代园林营造和室内外装饰艺术处理,是社会主义“新风格”的重要探索和成果之一。

As one of the"Grand Ten Buildings"to mark the 10th Anniversary of the PRC in 1959,the China National Agricultural Exhibition Center is an amalgamation of ten new pavilions built in 1959 and old buildings from the previous year.The master plan and architectural design of the former combine the techniques from traditional Chinese garden and palatial designs with the latest structural forms,in an attempt to lend an artistic touch to the mix of styles.This article sets out with the interrelation of agricultural policy,agricultural exhibitions,and buildings for this purpose while looking back on three similar exhibitions the Soviet Union held in 1923-1954.Then,focusing on three agricultural exhibitions held in China after the birth of the PRC,the article surveys their programming,master plan,architectural design,construction,and exhibitions,especially the one of 1959.The author compares the Chinese effort with its Soviet precedents to pin down the features of the former against the background of China's Great Leap Forward Campaign(1958-1960).The excellence of the design and construction highlights China's achievement in this sector after 1949 and heralds the advent of the socialist"New Chinese Architecture"that dominates the later era.