行动者网络视角下精准扶贫中的关系空间转化——来自云南省勐腊县河边村的观察

Transformation of relational space in targeted poverty alleviation from the perspective of actor network:A case study of Hebian Village,Mengla County,Yunnan Province

精准扶贫中政府主导、企业和社会积极响应,共同助力贫困户脱贫,引致乡村关系空间在脱贫前后发生转化。论文使用参与式观察、半结构访谈和问卷调查等方法,从行动者网络视角重新审视云南省勐腊县河边村的精准扶贫,将关系空间转化划分为阶段内关系空间转化和阶段间关系空间转化,拓展了行动者网络理论对关系空间转化的解释,发现了河边村关系空间的阶段特征与转化路径:(1)精准扶贫中河边村的关系空间存在阶段性特征,包括脱贫攻坚阶段的前关系空间(标准空间较大)和巩固脱贫成果阶段的后关系空间(协商空间较大)。(2)阶段内关系空间转化是标准空间向协商空间转化的过程。以脱贫攻坚阶段为例,“两不愁、三保障”这一明确政策目标下的标准行为构建了较大的标准空间,有利于确立强制通行点,促进阶段内关系空间转化。(3)阶段间关系空间转化是前一阶段的协商空间转化为后一阶段的标准空间的过程,脱贫攻坚阶段的前协商空间就转化成了巩固脱贫成果阶段的后标准空间。这一关系空间转化的过程可结合新标准行为的应用和空间稳定性测度进行验证。(4)关系空间转化促成了村小组和村民转变为后关系空间中的关键行动者,他们在参与改善建成环境的过程中被动员起来,通过成立合作社的形式和其他行动者结成紧密网络联盟,未来会在巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、全面推进乡村振兴的过程中发挥关键作用。论文所构建的关系空间转化框架对分析和促进乡村地区的发展兼具理论价值与现实意义。

The government,enterprises,and other non-governmental organizations(NGOs)participate actively to help poor rural households get rid of poverty in targeted poverty alleviation programs in China,which leads to the transformation of rural relational space.From the perspective of actor-network theory(ANT),this study focused on the case of targeted poverty alleviation at Hebian Village,Mengla County,Yunnan Province after 2015.Using participatory observation,semi-structured interview,and questionnaire survey methods,we collected first-hand material about the targeted poverty alleviation program in the village.Then we constructed a framework about spaces of prescription and spaces of negotiation to analyze the poverty alleviation effort that all actors were involved,which helped put forward the explanation of the transformation of relational space in ANT by finding that:1)There were periodic features in the transformation of relational space at Hebian Village after the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation in 2015,including the previous relational space for poverty alleviation(with bigger space of prescription)and the following relational space for consolidating the work of poverty alleviation(with bigger space of negotiation).2)The transformation of relational space within a certain stage means the process from the space of prescription to the space of negotiation,affected by the applied prescriptive actions.For example,it was easy to target the obligatory passage point(OPP)and promote the process in the previous relational space,because of the bigger space of prescription constructed by explicit policy goals such as"safe housing".3)The transformation of relational space between stages means the process from the previous space of negotiation to the following space of prescription.Considering the high satisfaction of farmers and the new prescriptive actions,it was proved that there was a stable new space of prescription and the transformation of relational space after the village got out of poverty at the end of 2018.4)The transformation of relational space had also contributed to the transformation of farmers,who had been mobilized in the improvement of the built environment in the previous relational space.As key actors in the following relational space,they were expected to play a bigger role to consolidate the work of poverty alleviation and revitalize the village.The transformation framework of relational space constructed in this paper has both theoretical value and practical meaning for analyzing and promoting the development of rural areas.