中国乡村聚落用地形态的地域分异特征研究

Regional differentiation of land use pattern of rural settlements in China

乡村聚落用地形态是农村人居空间组织形式的综合外在体现,是揭示乡村地域特色的重要指标。以全国乡村聚落的土地利用数据为基础,运用热点探测、近圆形指数、邻接指数等地理空间分析方法,从用地规模、用地形状、用地结构三个方面对全国乡村聚落用地形态特征进行识别。结果表明,中国乡村聚落用地规模中位数为9.52 hm^(2),整体呈“北大南小”的特征,并在局部地区呈现明显的高、低值集聚态势;在用地形状方面,乡村聚落用地近圆形指数中位数为0.537,总体上偏长形,各种形状类型在全国均有分布,且呈现出在局部区域显著集聚的现象;用地结构可分为七大类,又以田中型、林边型、滨水型和草边型最多。根据用地形态特征的地域分异格局划分出16个乡村聚落用地形态类型分区,绘制了乡村聚落用地形态类型图谱,并总结出各类型区的用地形态特征。最后探讨了中国乡村聚落用地形态特征的空间分异机制,包括:①地形地貌、水文条件、气候条件等自然地理环境决定了聚落用地形态地域分异的宏观格局;②农业、水利、交通运输等生产生活方式的地域差异对聚落用地形态特色的形成具有重要影响;③街巷、民居等物质空间形态与聚落整体的用地形态存在显著的相互作用;④聚落用地形态也是地域性乡村社会文化在空间上的表达结果。

As a comprehensive external embodiment of the spatial organization of rural settlements,land use pattern is an important indicator that reveals the regional characteristics of rural areas.Based on the land use data of rural settlements in China,the land use pattern of rural settlements are identified from three aspects:land use scale,land use shape and land use structure by geographic spatial analysis methods such as hot spot detection,related circumscribing circle(RCC)index and adjacency index.The main results of analysis are as follows:(1)The median size of rural settlements is 9.52 hm2,the spatial pattern of which is generally characterized as"big in the north and small in the south"and obvious clusters of high and low values in some regions.(2)The median RCC index of rural settlements is 0.537,indicating that the shape of rural settlements land is generally elongated.Various shapes can be found throughout the country,and the phenomenon of regional clustering of shape types is common.(3)The land use structure can be summarized into 7 types,and the most identified types are farmland-surrounded,forest edge,waterfront and grass edge.According to the regional differentiation of land use pattern features,rural settlements in China are divided into 16 characteristic regions.Land use patterns of typical rural settlements are mapped and the land use characteristics of rural settlements in each region are summarized.Finally,the spatial differentiation mechanism of the land use characteristics of rural settlement land in China is discussed as follows:(1)The physical geographical environment such as geomorphology,hydrology and climate determines the macroscopic pattern of regional differentiation of rural settlement land use.(2)Regional differences in production methods and lifestyles such as agricultural type,water conservancy,and transportation have a large impact on the formation of the land use characteristics of rural settlement land use.(3)There is a significant interaction between the overall pattern of land use and the form of physical space such as streets and dwellings.(4)The form of rural settlement land use is the spatial expression of regional rural social culture.