产业发展背景下黄土高原乡村转型与农户生计演化——以陕西省长武县为例

Rural transformation and farmers'livelihood evolution in the Loess Plateau in the context of industrial development:A case study of Changwu county,Shaanxi province

改革开放以来,黄土高原乡村转型明显,农户生计演化日趋剧烈。以黄土高原长武县为例,运用熵权法、贡献度模型和Logistic交互分析等方法,厘清长武县1990年以来乡村转型与农户生计演化历程及其主控因素,揭示乡村转型与农户生计的互动演化关系。研究发现:①1990年以来长武县人地关系发生剧烈变化,其乡镇形成县域服务型、煤业生产型、苹果产业型与政策依赖型四种类型,各类别间乡村转型水平差异显著;农户生计类型逐步多样,分化为固守型路径、渐升型路径、回落型路径、俱进型路径,各路径影响因素差别较大。②乡村转型历程中乡镇的经济水平与劳动力是乡村转型的基础,乡镇产业发展决定乡村转型方向,电商因素助力乡镇农业产业链完善。③农户生计演化过程中人力资本与乡镇产业基础是农户生计类型改善的前提,“耕地依赖”限制农户生计非农化发展,金融资本与产业发展促进农户生计多元化,社会资本与电商因素促进农户生计演化升级。④在乡村转型与农户生计的互动演化过程中,乡镇处于发展的快车道,占据主导地位,大部分农户为被动适应的角色,仅少部分“乡村精英”能与乡村转型进行良性互动。

Since the reform and opening up in 1978,the rural transformation in the Loess Plateau has been significant,and the evolution of farmers′livelihood is becoming intense.Taking Changwu county,Shaanxi province on the Loess Plateau as an example,we clarified the evolution process of rural transformation and farmers′livelihood since 1990,and examined the main influencing factors by using methods including the entropy weight method,contribution degree model and Logistic interaction analysis.Then we revealed the interactive evolutionary relationship between rural transformation and farmers′livelihood.The results were obtained as follows.First,since 1990,the man-land relationship in Changwu county has undergone drastic changes.Four types of townships were formed,including the county service-oriented type,coal production-based type,fruit industry-led type,and policy-dependent type.Large differences can be found in the level of rural transformation among different types of townships.The farmers living there witnessed four livelihood evolution paths,namely maintaining path,gradually-rising path,receding path,and expand-advancing path.The main influencing factors of each livelihood evolution path were various.Second,through the evolution process of rural transformation,it can be seen that the economic level and labor force were the basis of rural transformation,while the development of township industries determines the direction of rural transformation.What′s more,e-commerce played an important role in improving the industry chain of rural agriculture.Third,through the evolution process of farmers′livelihood,it can be seen that human capital and industrial foundation were the premise of farmers′livelihood evolution,and"cultivated land dependence"hinders the non-agricultural upgrading of farmers′livelihood.In addition,financial capital and industrial development could promote the diversification of farmers′livelihood,and social capital and e-commerce were able to promote the evolution and upgrading of farmers′livelihood.Finally,in the interactive evolution process of rural transformation and farmers′livelihood,townships were in the fast lane of development,which occupied a dominant position and played a leading role.At the same time,most farmers were in the role of passive adaptation,while only a small number of so-called"rural elites"can have a positive interaction with rural transformation.