从“权力(利)型”回归“义务型”:我国工会“基本职责”法律实现结构的转型

From“Power(Right)Type”to“Obligation Type”:the Transformation of the Legal Realization Structure of the“Basic Duties”of Trade Unions in China

《工会法》目前突出工会政治属性、政治职责的表达旨趣使得工会职责的实现结构过分弱化了其法人属性、法律职责的内容,工会“基本职责”的实现因此难以形成完整科学的“权利—义务—责任”法律关系链条。事实上,工会维权法律职责的有效实现,才是其政治职责得以落实并达成逻辑统一的前提基础和根本途径,“维护职工合法权益”亦上升为“基本职责”。尽管工会“双维护”职责的规范逻辑具有政治正当性,《工会法》仍应当在体现法人属性的面向,改变因工会政治属性的错位挤占而与会员形成的法律直接授权下的“权力(利)—义务”关系,而回归为法人属性下基于会员授权约束并获法律确认的“权利—义务”关系,确立基本职责实现中工会的“义务者”基础角色,继而为会员的追责提供法权根据。在此基础上,应进一步廓清工会不履责时的行为性质、追责对象以及救济路径层面的困扰,并通过建立工会法律关系的双层运行结构、明晰法人属性下工会与会员的权利义务内容、强化工会协商代表权的授权约束、增补工会工作人员不当劳动行为制度等,最终塑造出科学完整的基本职责“义务型”法律实现结构,真正促成工会“双维护”职责实现上的逻辑统一。

At present,the trade union law highlights the political attributes and political duties of trade unions,which makes the structure of the realization of trade union duties excessively weak in terms of its legal person attributes and legal duties,so it is difficult to form a complete and scientific“right-duty-responsibility”legal relationship chain in the realization of trade union“basic duties”.In fact,the effective realization of trade union’s legal duty of safeguarding rights is the prerequisite and fundamental way to implement its political duty and achieve logical unity,so“safeguarding workers’legitimate rights and interests”should be elevated to“basic duty”.Despite the political legitimacy of the normative logic of the trade union’s“double maintenance”duty,the trade union law should still be oriented towards reflecting the attributes of legal persons,so as to transform from the“power(right)-obligation”relationship formed with members under the direct authority of the law due to the misalignment and crowding of the trade union’s political attributes into the“right-obligation”relationship under the legal personality based on the authority of the members and confirmed by the law,establish the basic role of“obligor”of trade unions in the realization of basic responsibilities,which can provide legal basis for members’accountability.On this basis,we should further clarify the nature of the behavior,the object of accountability and the path of relief when trade unions fail to perform their duties,and through establishing a two-tier operation structure of trade union legal relations,confirming the rights and obligations of trade unions and their members under the legal personality,strengthening the authorization and restraint of trade union collective bargaining representation,and expanding the system of improper labour practices of trade union staff,a scientific and complete legal structure for the realization of the basic duties of trade unions can be created finally,which really promotes the logical unity of the realization of“double maintenance”duties of trade unions.