过失犯中的信赖原则:从行为不法到结果不法

Trust Principle in Negligent Crime:from Unlawfulness of Act to Unlawfulness of Result

以往的观点将信赖原则视为界定注意义务的一般标准,但其始终缺乏个别化的判断规则,故厘清信赖原则的理论功能殊为必要。从规范论的角度理解信赖原则的体系定位是新、旧过失论的基本共识,但两者仅仅是为其提供了一个大致的理论框架,而缺乏足够的理论资源填充其实体内容。客观归责理论虽然暗合了信赖原则的政策取向,但立足于行为不法的视角,无法准确诠释其真正的作用。实际上,信赖原则并非风险创设的下位准则,而是规范保护目的理论的补充,其功能是解决行为人与他人并行的违规行为所产生的风险彼此竞合时的风险实现问题。根据不同的风险样态,可以将风险类型区分为单一风险、风险并存与风险竞合。除非危害结果发生在各参与者的风险管辖区域的交叉领域,否则行为人对超出规范保护目的范围之外的结果,有充分理由信赖该结果处于他人的负责领域,从而阻却结果不法。

In the past,the principle of trust was regarded as the general standard to define the duty of care,but it was lacking of concrete judgment rules,so it is necessary to clarify the theoretical function of the principle of trust.It is the basic consensus of the new and the old negligence theory to understand the system positioning of the trust principle from the perspective of normative theory,but they only provide a theoretical framework for it,and lack sufficient theoretical resources to fill its substantive content.Although the objective imputation theory implies with the policy orientation of the principle of trust,it cannot accurately interpret its real function based on the perspective of illegal behavior.In fact,the principle of trust is not a subordinate criterion for risk creation,but a supplement to the theory of the purpose of normative protection.Its function is to solve the problem of risk realization when the competing risks generated by the parallel violations of the actor and others.According to different risk patterns,risk types can be divided into single risk,coexistent risks and competing risks.Unless the hazard result occurs in the cross domain of the risk jurisdiction of each participant,the actor has sufficient reason to believe that the result is in the responsibility domain of others for the result beyond the scope of the normative protection purpose,so the result is prevented from being illegal.