禪籍“無事甲”新釋——從胡適與入矢義高的爭論談起

A New Interpretation of Zen“Wu Shi Jia(無事甲)”

胡適與入矢義高曾在書信交流中討論過禪籍“無事甲”的詞義問題。胡適依本字訓解,認爲“甲”指“甲胄”,而入矢又引用無著道忠的説法,認爲“甲”是“閣”的假借,觀點未達一致,留下禪宗語言研究中的一樁懸案。通過全面梳理宋代禪宗文獻,文章認爲該詞本當作“無事界”,是指當時流行的“無事禪”的修行境界,但後來受到禪林極力的批評,成爲一個貶義詞。由於宋代部分方言“界”的韻尾-i脱落讀作開尾韻母,與“甲、閣”讀音相近而混。語素“甲”只是個單純的記音字,但語素“閣”除了語音相近之外還考慮了詞義的搭配問題,是受流俗詞源影響而選擇的借字,是原詞在語音變讀、理據模糊之後的曲解附會,這可以得到異文“無事角”和“無事匣”的參證。釐清禪籍俗語詞“無事甲”的來源和演變的過程,可以顯示該詞獨特的詞彙史價值。

Hu Shi and Iriya Yoshitaka discussed the meaning of Zen“Wu Shi Jia(無事甲)”in the exchange of letters.On the interpretation of“Jia(甲)”,both of them fail to reach an agreement.Hu Shi believed that“Jia(甲)”refers to“Jia Zhou(甲胄)”,while Iriya Yoshitaka,quoting from Taozhong,considered the character“Jia(甲)”is a word borrowing the meaning of“Ge(閣)”.Through a comprehensive review of the literature on Zen in the Song Dynasty,this paper argues that the word“Jia(甲)”is regarded as“Wu Shi Jie(無事界)”,which refers to the popular practice realm of“Wu Shi Chan(無事禪)”at that time.However,such a view was strongly criticized by monk and became a derogatory term.Since the final syllable-i of“Jie(界)”in some dialects of the Song Dynasty is read as the finals without consonant,it is mixed with the pronunciations of“Jia(甲)”and“Ge(閣)”.Morpheme“Jia(甲)”is just a simple phonetic word,but morpheme“Ge(閣)”,with the similiar pronunciation of“Jie(界)”,is a borrowed word influenced by popular etymology,taking collocation meaning into account.It is a misinterpretation of the original word after pronunciation change and motivation ambiguity.This can be referenced by“Wu Shi Jiao(無事角)”and“Wu Shi Xia(無事匣)”.Clarifying the origin and evolution of the Zen saying“Wu Shi Jia(無事甲)”can show its unique lexical historical value.