“自由共和国”的公民启蒙——斯宾诺莎与人文主义

Civil Enlightenment in“Liberal Republic”:Spinoza and Humanism

学界对斯宾诺莎的研究主要集中于形而上学理论,但通过文本细读和思想史研究,可以发现斯宾诺莎对于文艺复兴以来“人文主义”传统的诸多继承与革新:第一,斯宾诺莎延续了人文主义对于“美德对抗机运”的讨论,在理性和激情的自然主义哲学基础上,创造了理性主义的美德伦理学;第二,斯宾诺莎扭转了人文主义的“怀疑主义”思潮,同时将宗教的怀疑论和哲学的反怀疑论推到极致,从而创造了现代世俗的公民哲学。可以说,斯宾诺莎试图在认识人性的自然差异基础上,通过继承和革新人文主义传统以实现普遍的公民启蒙目标。

Recent research on Spinoza mainly focused on metaphysical theory,but through closereading of the text and intellectual history,it can be found that Spinoza has inherited and innovated the tradition of“humanism”since Renaissance:First,Spinoza continued the discussion of“virtue versus fortune”in humanism,and created a rationalist virtue ethics on the basis of the naturalistic philosophy of reason and passion;Second,Spinoza reversed the“skepticism”trend of humanism,and at the same time pushed religious skepticism and philosophical anti-skepticism to the extreme,thereby creating modern secular civic philosophy.Finally,it was found that Spinoza tried to realize the goal of universal civic enlightenment by inheriting and innovating the humanist tradition on the basis of recognizing the natural differences of human nature.