中古嘉礼研究之一——礼书所见嘉礼内容的变迁与意义

One of the Studies of Congratulatory Rites in the Middle Ages——Changes and Significance of Congratulatory Rites in the Ritual Books

梳理中古各类礼书对嘉礼的记载,便可发现它们存在着差异性,这一方面当与礼书本身编撰思想与方式有关,不同史书在记载嘉礼时,修撰者具有不同的考量,使得它们对于嘉礼的定义不尽相同。另一方面,五礼制度仅作为礼制的一种划分原则,本身就具有时代赓续性,中古五礼制度处于草创时期,人们对何种礼制当归入何种五礼存在着不同的认识,历代修撰者在根据自己对五礼认识的基础上,又对相关内容进行了调整,这便成为礼书所见嘉礼内容不同的根本原因。对《开元礼》所载嘉礼的内容分析,发现唐代嘉礼多源自北朝,并夹杂对古礼的模仿,呈现出“虽师汉代,实承北朝、远肇周礼”的特色。

By sorting out the records of congratulatory rites in all kinds of ritual books in the Middle Ages,it can be found that there exist great differences.On the one hand,they were related to the thoughts and ways of compiling the ritual books.When different historical books recorded congratulatory rites,compilers had different considerations,making them give different definitions about congratulatory rites.On the other hand,just as a division principle of the ritual system,the Five Rites System had its own continuity.The Five Rites System in the Middle Ages was at its initial stage,people had different understanding of what kind of ritual system should go to what kind of Five Rites.On the basis of their own understanding of the Five Rites,the compilers in the previous dynasties adjusted the relevant content,which became the fundamental reason for the different contents of congratulatory rites in the ritual books.Through the analysis of the content of congratulatory rites in Kaiyuan Rites,it is found that most congratulatory rites in the Tang Dynasty have originated from the Northern Dynasty and mixed with the imitation of the ancient rites,showing the characteristics of“learning from the Han Dynasty,but actually inheriting from the Northern Dynasty and starting with the Zhou Dynasty”.