论酌定不起诉的程序性出罪机能--以程序规范和实体规范的关系为重点

The Procedural Function of Discretionary Nonprosecution:Focusing on the Relationship Between procedural Law and Substantive

酌定不起诉具有将刑事制度稳定性与刑事政策应变性融于一体的特性,具有包括刑法第37条非刑罚性处置措施在内的其他刑事法律制度不可替代的程序性出罪功能,是实现规模化出罪的基本刑事法律制度。大幅度提升酌定不起诉的适用率并使其长期稳定在合理的水准,最关键的现实方案,是从根本上解除实体规范对起诉裁量制度的不当束缚,消除违背起诉便宜原则实质精神的实体障碍。《刑事诉讼法》第177条第2款规定的“依照刑法规定不需要判处刑罚”,独立于《刑法》第37条的规定,实质意义为“根据刑事司法政策不需要判处刑罚”。“免罪免刑”的酌定不起诉与“定罪免刑”的公诉和裁判,所适用的“犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚”的实际控制标准,具有根本不同的法律属性。酌定不起诉是附加适用刑罚替代措施的独立前置条件。轻微犯罪规模化出罪时代的刑罚替代措施,应以附加适用为原则,以不附加适用为例外,对“免罪免刑”的酌定不起诉,应尽可能扩张附加适用刑罚替代措施。

The discretionary nonprosecution has the characteristics of integrating the stability of the criminal system with the adaptability of criminal policy,and has the irreplaceable procedural function of other criminal legal systems,including the nonpunitive measures of article 37 of the Criminal Law,and is the basic criminal provision system to realize scale acquittal.The most critical practical plan to greatly improve the application rate of the discretionary non-prosecution and keep it stable at a reasonable level for a long time is to fundamentally remove the improper bondage of substantive norms to the system of discretionary prosecution and eliminate the substantive and objective obstacles that violate the essence spirit of the economy principle of prosecution.Article 177(2)of the Criminal Procedure Law stipulates that“punishment is not required in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law”,which is independent of the provisions of Article 37 of the Criminal Law,and essentially means“punishment is not necessary in accordance with the criminal justice policy”.The actual control standard of“minor offence need no punishment”applied to the discretionary non-prosecution of“exoneration”and the prosecution and sentence of“conviction but punishment exemption”have fundamentally different legal attributes.Discretionary non-prosecution is an independent precondition for additional application of alternative measures of penalty.The alternative measures of punishment in the era of scale acquittal of minor offences should be based on the principle of additional application and the exception of non-additional application.The discretionary measures of“exemption from crime and punishment”should be expanded as much as possible.