柑橘育苗钵装填成穴生产线的设计与试验

Design and Test of Seedling Pot Filling and Hole Punching Processing Line for Citrus

柑橘工厂化容器育苗的砧木苗在带基质移栽过程中,育苗钵装填和移栽穴成型均由人工作业完成,劳动强度大、效率低、作业质量较差.针对这一问题,研究设计了一种育苗钵装填成穴生产线.整机主要由装填模块、浇灌模块、冲穴模块3部分组成,配合以8个育苗钵为一组的转运框,进行流水作业.主要设计了具有苗钵支撑和快速卸载功能的转运框、具有均匀装填功能的分流-刮土装置、定量浇灌装置和冲穴装置,并开发了整机的控制系统.分析了生产线关键工作过程,并采用正交试验法优化了工作参数.以装填量、装填均匀性为评价指标开展装填试验,结果表明当营养土体积含水率为3%、提升机速度为0.25 m/s、卸料高度为580 mm时装填效果最好.以孔径收缩率、育苗钵塌陷高度和营养土沉降高度为评价指标开展浇灌-冲穴试验,结果表明当浇灌总量为450 mL、浸润时间为19 s、冲穴柱锥尖角度为35°、冲穴速度为200 mm/s、冲穴柱穴底停留时间为2 s时成穴效果最好.最优参数组合下,整机工作效率大于2300钵/h,且装填成穴效果好,能够满足柑橘育苗钵装填成穴在线自动化生产需求.

In the process of transplanting rootstock seedlings attached with substrate in the factory production of container citrus seedlings,the filling substrate to the seedling pots and forming the holes for transplanting are completed by manual operation,which are labor-intensity,low efficiency,and poor operation quality.A seedling pot filling and hole punching processing line has been designed to solve these problems.The equipment consists of three parts:filling module,watering module,and hole punching module.The flow operation was carried out with eight seedling pots as a group in a transporting box.A series of devices were designed and developed,including the transporting box with seedling pot support and fast unloading function,the split-scraping device with uniform filling function,the quantitative watering device,the hole punching device,and the control system of the whole machine.The critical working process of the processing line was analyzed,and the working parameters of the prototype were optimized using the orthogonal test.The filling test was carried out with the filling volume and uniformity as the evaluation indexes.The results show that the best filling effect was achieved when the volumetric moisture content of the nutrient soil was 3%,the hoist speed was 0.25 m/s,and the discharge height was 580 mm.The watering-punching test was carried out with the hole diameter shrinkage rate,the seedling pot collapse height,and the soil settlement height as evaluation indexes.The results show that the transplanting hole-forming effect was the best when the accumulated flow of watering was 450 mL,the water infiltration time was 19 s,the head angle of the punching column was 35°,the punching speed was 200 mm/s,and the hole bottom dwell time was 2 s.Under the combination of optimal parameters,the working efficiency of the whole machine is more than 2300 pots/h,and the effect of filling and forming holes is the best,which can meet the production demand.