论《著作权法》中“署名推定”的适用

On the Application of“Signature Presumption”in Copyright Law

我国《著作权法》及司法解释根据《中美经贸协议》规定了三项“署名推定”,但对其如何理解和适用存在诸多争议。“署名”应限于表明作者和表演者的身份。其他民事主体试图表明自己为权利人的权利声明和标记并不是“署名”,不能直接适用“署名推定”。只能在两种情况下准用“署名推定”:一是其他民事主体依法律规定直接原始取得著作权或邻接权;二是法律规定在作者或表演者未与其他特定民事主体就著作权或邻接权的归属作出约定或约定不明的情况下,由其他特定民事主体原始取得著作权或邻接权。《中美经贸协议》以出版者的名称准用“署名推定”的条款,既可能体现了美方对保护其出版商的特别要求,也可能体现了《伯尔尼公约》第15条第3款对作者身份不明的作品由出版者代表作者保护其权利的规定,但该条款尚未被转化为国内法。

To keep compliance with the Sino-US Economic and Trade Agreement,the Copyright Law and judicial interpretation stipulate three presumptions(presumption of authorship,presumption of the subsistence of copyright,and presumption of ownership)by the attribution to the author in a work,but there are many disputes on how to understand and apply them.“Attribution”shall be limited to indicating the identity of the author and performer.The declaration and mark of copyrights that other people attempt to indicate they are the right holders are not“attribution to the author”and the three presumptions shall not directly apply and can only be applied mutatis mutandis in two scenarios.First,a person other than the author or performer is granted copyright or related right directly by the Copyright Law.Second,the law stipulates that when the author or performer has not made an agreement with a specific person on the ownership of copyright or related right or the agreement is unclear,the copyright or related right is granted to that person.The Sino-US Economic and Trade Agreement requires presumption of copyright ownership of the publisher by the name of the publisher in the work.That clause may reflect the special requirements on the US side for the protection of its publishers,and may also reflect the provision in paragraph 3,Article 15 of the Berne Convention that the publisher shall be deemed to represent the author and be entitled to protect and enforce the author's rights when the author is unknown for anonymous and pseudonymous works,but that clause has not yet been transposed into Chinese domestic law.