重大误解中的过错要素 意思自治与信赖保护之平衡

On the Fault Elements in Major Misunderstandings The Balance between Will Autonomy and Trust Protection

在重大误解制度中,过错的主要表现形式是过失。依据意思表示错误中表意人和受领人的过错对撤销权及损害赔偿的影响,可以将不同国家和地区的立法分为相对人过错要件型、过错排除撤销型、过错非要件型以及过错赔偿要件型四种主要模式。我国法上重大误解之撤销权及损害赔偿的法律效果,应基于双方不同的过错情形,作出不同解释:第一,撤销权之享有不应以发生错误一方主观上无过错为要件,《总则编解释》第19条第2款之但书亦不应包括表意人主观上存在过失的情形。第二,《民法典》第157条应作限缩解释,排除发生重大误解的表意人在赔偿责任上的过错要件。第三,若双方对错误之发生均无过失,亦无可归责性,则应适用风险分配规则,由表意人承担赔偿责任;但若错误的发生可归责于相对人,则表意人可免于赔偿。第四,相对方不存在合理信赖,应构成损害赔偿的排除事由,但双方都存在重大过失时,不免除发生错误一方的赔偿责任。

In the major misunderstanding system,the main manifestation of fault is negligence.According to the impact of the fault of the expresser and recipient on revocation and damage compensation in mistake of expression of will,the laws of different countries and regions can be divided into four major types:recipient fault element type,fault exclusion revocation type,non-fault element type and fault compensation element type.The right of revocation and legal consequences of compensation for major misunderstandings in China's legislation should be interpreted differently based on different fault situations of both parties.First,the requirement for the right of revocation should not consist of subjectively no-fault of the party who made the mistake.The proviso to the second paragraph of Article 19 of the Supreme People's Court's Interpretation of the General Provisions should not include the subjective negligence of the expresser.Second,the interpretation of Article 157 of the PRC Civil Code should be narrowed to exclude the fault element of the expresser's liability for compensation if a major misunderstanding.Third,if neither party has fault for the mistake,nor is attributable,the rules of risk allocation shall apply,and the declarant shall bear the liability for compensation;but if the mistake is attributable to the counterparty,then the declarant is exempt from compensation.Fourth,the fact that the counterparty does not have reasonable reliance should be an exclusion for damages compensation,but when both parties are at fault,it does not exempt the party who made the mistake from the liability for compensation.