民法典居住权规范适用的疑难问题研究

Perplexed Problems in the Application of the Habitatio Rules of the China’s Civil Code

《民法典》对居住权的规定过于简单,需要通过解释论加以展开。《民法典》的规定坚持了居住权的人役性,但其与传统人役权相比已发生很大变化,其人役性主要体现为权利主体的特定性,家庭关系和无偿性都不再是其属性要求。《民法典》并未排除法定居住权,可由法院在案件审理中通过裁判确认。基于人役权的属性要求,居住权人限于自然人。为了准确界定居住权人的范围,应当对居住权的权利主体与利益主体进行区分。居住权的消灭事由除了期限届满和居住权人死亡之外,还应包括居住权人抛弃居住权、居住权人和所有人身份混同、居住房屋灭失和居住权人滥用居住权等。以遗嘱设立居住权时不限于书面形式,只要满足遗嘱的形式要求即可,遗嘱居住权与合同居住权一样自登记时设立。

The stipulation of habitatio in the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China is too simple to be explained in detail.Though the habitatio is identified by the Civil Code as a personal servitude,it has a great difference from the traditional one.In current the personal servitude of habitatio is only that it is set for a particular person,both family relation and gratuitousness are not required.Statutory habitatio is not expelled from the Civil Code,and it can be umpired by judges in specific cases.Required by the nature of a personal servitude,the obligee of habitatio should be a natural person.In order to define exactly the obligee of habitatio,the subject of the right and the beneficiary shall be distinguished.The extinguish causes of habitatio include the abandon of habitatio,confusion of titles,destruction of the house,abuse of habitatio besides the expiration of the term and death of the obligee.In the case of establishment of habitatio by testament,the form requirement of testament shall be meet but not limited in written,habitatio is established at the time of registration as well as habitatio by contract.