文学的变数与常数——兼论“外部研究”与“内部研究”

Variables and Constants in L iterature:“Extrinsic Research”and“Intrinsic Research”

文学的变数与常数如量子纠缠般难分难解。这既是文学存在的基本方式,也是文学经典长盛不衰的重要前提。然而,近现代以来,文学思潮纷纷攘攘,批评理论前仆后继,尤其是,文学研究的“内外之争”显示出彼此龃龉甚至相互排斥的态势,文学的常数或常识被有意无意地忽略。这既是人类社会加速度发展的明证,也是众多复杂因素交互影响的结果。如何辩证分析变数与常数、“外部研究”与“内部研究”的关系,早已成为一个难以回避的重大问题。文学是加法,其变数不能否定常数,正如我们不会因为有了现当代文学而否定古代文学,我们当然也不该因为有了现当代文学理论而忘却古典理论,尤其是母体文学原理这个本来。辩证地、平衡地守护常数、洞察变数,入乎其内、出乎其外是重构文学原理的基本立足点。

The variables and constants in literature areas inextricably entar ngled as quantums,in what is not only a basic mode of literary existence but also an important precondition for the longevity of literary classics.However,since the 19th century,literary trends and critical theories have rushed in headlong.In particular,extrinsic and intrinsic studies in literary research are at war,a situation manifest in disputes and even mutual exclusion.The constants or common sense of literature are intentionally or unintentionally ignored.This is not only clear evidence of the accelerated development of human society,but also the result of the interaction of many complex factors.How to dialectically analyze the relationship between variables and constants or“extrinsic”and“intrinsic”research has long become a major issue that is difficult to avoid.Literature is an additive process,and its variables cannot negate the constants,any more than contemporary literature would make us negate classical literature;and we certainly should not forget classical theory,especially the original principles of our mother literature,because of contemporary Western literary theory.To guard the constants and gain insight into the variables in a dialectical and balanced way that goes into the internal and emerges from the external is the basic standpoint for reconstructing literary principles.