试论辽代墓内祭奠与图像配置新特征的形成

On the tomb memorial ceremony and the new characteristics of mural arrangement of the Liao-Dynasty burials

本文通过将辽代的墓内祭奠与图像配置方式和先前汉唐间的主流情况进行对比,指出其新形成的特征主要体现在两方面:一是祭奠空间从以象征墓主灵魂的“神位”或墓主正面像为中心,转变为以墓主遗体为中心;二是整座墓葬通过壁画图像配置等方式,从仿效现实居宅的堂、寝转变为仿效庭、堂。这种转变与河北地区晚唐墓葬存在一定的渊源关系;同时,辽政权对佛教的推崇以及密宗“即身成佛”信仰的流行,可能是促使其较普遍流行于辽代上层墓葬的文化动因。

By comparing the patterns of the tomb memorial ceremony and mural arrangement between the Liao and the Han to Tang Dynasties,the author points out that the new characteristics of the Liao Dynasty were mainly manifested in two aspects.On one hand,the memorial space changed from centering on the“sacred seat”or the full-face image of the tomb owner which symbolized the soul of the tomb owner,to the remains of the tomb owner.On the other hand,the mural arrangement changed from imitating the hall and bedroom of the aboveground residence to imitating the courtyard and hall.The transformation was relevant with its origin in the late Tang tombs of Hebei area.Meanwhile,the prevalence of Buddhism in the Liao Dynasty and the“true body”worship of Tantric Buddhism was probably the cultural motivation that promoted the new characteristics to be popular among tombs of the Liao upper class.