刑事证人出庭作证义务与被告人质证权——基于霍菲尔德权利理论的分析

On the Criminal Witness' Obligation to Testify in Court and the Defendant's Right of Cross-Examination:An Analysis Based on Hohfeld's Right Theory

通过法规范解释作业,可窥见我国《宪法》和《刑事诉讼法》中“证人作证以出庭为原则,不出庭为例外”的线索。因质证权的确权性立法缺失,证人与被告人、法院之间的刑事诉讼法律关系没有形成“闭合回路”,缺乏法律关系联动的制度空间。刑事证人出庭作证义务与被告人质证权具有“同生关系”,二者在霍菲尔德权利理论对应的法律关系元形式是“权利”—“义务”。刑事证人出庭作证义务须以质证权作为参照物,且将二者置于刑事诉讼第一性规范下的“权利”—“义务”、刑事诉讼第二性规范下的“权力”—“责任”两对法律关系元形式联动情境中讨论才具有意义。应从立法密度、配套措施、体制改革及民众意识四个方面着手,构建质证权回归语境下的刑事证人作证制度,以期实现庭审的实质化和事实认定模式的转型。

Through normative interpretation of the law,we can see the clue of"witness'testimony in court as the principle and absence as the exception"in the Constitution and Criminal procedure Law of China.Due to the lack of legislation on the certainty of the right of cross-examination,there is no"closed loop"in the legal relationship between the witness,the defendant and the court,leaving no institutional space for the linkage of legal relations.There is a"symbiotic relationship"between the obligation of criminal witness to testify incourt and the defendant's right of cross-examination,and the meta-form of the legal relationship between them in Hohfeld's right theory is"right"and"obligation".The obligation of criminal witness to testify in court must take the right of cross-examination as a reference,and it is meaningful to discuss the two in the context of"right"and"obligation"under the primary norm of criminal procedure and"power"and"responsibility"under the secondary norm of criminal procedure.We should construct the criminal witness testimony system in the context of the return of the right of cross-examination from the four aspects of legislative density,supporting measures,system reform and public consciousness,so as to realize the materialization of the trial and the transformation of the fact-finding mode.