“教”“学/敩”,“效”之音义关系

On the Sound-Meaning Relationship Between Jiao(教),Xue(学)/Xiao(学敩)and Xiao(效)

“教”“学/敩”“效”属同一词族,但“教”并非“学”的使动词。教学活动中,有教者、学者、知识技能三要素:由控制度最高的“教者”充当主语,则有“教某人(做)某事”;由控制度次之的“学者”充当主语,则有“学知识技能”或“效教者”。类似用例还有“捕-通”“辟-避”“略-赂”等,皆是同一事件中控制度不同的生命体分别充当主语,是为“主方-客方”模式。此外,“教”还通过平、去变读区分“教某人(做)某事”与“教育;教训”;“学/敩”则通过变读去声,指向一个外在论元,传统称之为“使动”。这几个同族词,因为某些义项相同或相通,读音相同或相近,时有字形混用或词义互释现象。

jiao(教),xue(学)/xiao(敩)and xiao(效)belong to the same word family,but jiao(教,to teach)is not the causative verb of xue(学,to learn).Three main factors ie.the teacher,the learner,and knowledge skills have been involved in the teaching event.When the teacher as the controller takes the subject position,the pattern of"to teach(教)someone(to do)something"will be formed.When the learner as a weaker controller takes the subject position,the pattern of"to learn(学)language skills"or"to imitate(效)teachers"may be contructed.Similar examples include捕vs.通,辟vs.避,and略vs.赂.These pairs share the same pattern of subject-object with varying degrees of controlling property taking the subject position.In addition,jiao(教)depending on alternation of level tone and departing tone,semantically differentiates"to teach someone(to do)something"from"to instruct and educate".Xue(学)indicates an external argument by the change to the departing tone(later wrtten as敩).Such change was traditionally termed as causative.Sometimes,these pairs of characters of the same word family become interchangeable or mutually explicable due to similar sounds or meanings.