言者意外与听者意外:从四川资阳方言看意外范畴的两个参项

Now I Am Surprised, Now You Are Surprised: On Mirativity in Ziyang Dialect and the Sub-types of Mirativity

四川资阳方言的句末语气词“说”与“讲”是意外范畴(mirativity)的专门标记,不表达任何示证(evidential)意义。它们是由言说动词“说”与“讲”分别语法化而来的。根据Aikhenvald(2012),只有极少数语言拥有超过一个的意外范畴标记。尽管很多报道指出汉语方言存在一些由言说动词演化而来的表示意外的标记,但资阳方言同时具有两个意外范畴标记,这样的情况暂时没有看到先例。“说”与“讲”分工明确。“说”表示[+言者意外,一听者意外],说话人对命题表示意外,但默认命题对听话人是旧信息;“讲”用以表示[+言者意外,+听者意外1,说话人默认该信息对听说双方都是新的,在表达自身意外的同时,对听话人的意外也有所预期。

Sentence-final particles shuo(说)and jiang(讲)in Ziyang dialect are both mirative markers that do not convey any evidential meanings.They are derived respectively from shuo and jlang,two common verbs of saying that occur in Chinese dialects.According to Aikhenvald(2012),few languages have more than one mirative marker;and although the evolution of verbs of saying to mirative markers is not uncommon,the fact that Ziyang dialect simultaneously has two distinct mirative markers developed from verbs of saying seems to be a case not observed in any other Chinese dialects.This paper shows that the functions of these two mirative markers are clearly different.Shuo is[+surprise of speaker,-surprise of hearer]:the speaker expresses surprise caused by the proposition while assuming it is old information for the hearer;jiang,on the other hand,is[+surprise of speaker,+surprise of hearer]:the speaker regards the information as new and surprising for both the speaker and the hearer,