观看之道与福楼拜的文学革新——从艾玛·包法利的瞳色说起

Ways of Seeing and Flaubert's Literary Innovation:The Color of Madame Bovary's Eyes

19世纪后期,随着照相机的发明与光学色彩学的发现,西方视觉艺术也发展到了一个新的阶段。受这些科学成就的影响,福楼拜笔下艾玛·包法利的瞳色变化体现了介质色彩学对人物视觉观感的影响;同时作为文学家,福楼拜也细致描写了心理感觉这一关键因素对客观真实的界定与重塑。与之相匹配的叙事方式的革新,不仅改变了文学建构世界的方式,而且突破了传统现实主义的文学观念。简言之,福楼拜的观看之道与文学革新,实际上是作家在同时代科学成就感召下,对于人们认知方式的质询与反思——艾玛的瞳色之变,意味着在现代视觉艺术的“观看”下,人们已不能完全相信视觉形象的真实。人物观感相对于客观现实的视觉偏差,是福楼拜以文学审美所表达的一种现代性的认知困惑。

With the invention of camera and the discovery of optics,the development of Western visual arts entered a new era in the late 19th century.Due to the effect of these scientific achievements,the way in which Gustave Flaubert describes the change of Emma Bovary's eye color reflects the influence of Medium Chromatics on characters'visual perception as well as the writer Flaubert's meticulous description of their psychological feelings,a key factor that redefines and re-presents objective reality.The matching innovation of narrative mode not only changes the way literature constructs the world,but also breaks the traditional concept of realist literature.In a word,what we may actually discern from Flaubert's ways of seeing and literary innovation is how the author was inspired by the scientific achievements in his time to inquire and reflect on people's cognitive approach.The change of Emma's eye color indicates that people no longer fully believe in the authenticity of visual images simply through a“seeing”of modern visual art.The visual deviation of characters'perception from objective reality reveals a kind of modern cognitive perplexity delineated by Flaubert through his literary aesthetics.