收养行为确定无效的法律后果

Legal Consequences of Invalid Adoption

关于收养行为无效的清算依据,既有观点均存在缺陷。应以《民法典》第157条作为裁判依据,其适用情形除收养行为绝对无效外,还应包含收养行为被撤销及确定不发生效力。收养行为的主体为收养人、被收养人及送养人,但因被收养人无完全民事行为能力,故收养行为无效清算主体为收养人和送养人。收养行为无效时,因收养行为而给付的财物应予以返还,无法返还时应折价补偿。收养行为无效还可能产生损害赔偿责任,该责任以过错为要件,赔偿范围包括信赖利益损失及精神损害,但不包含机会丧失。无效收养行为不得补正,但可以转换。对于收养未成年人的无效收养行为,有成立寄养协议或委托监护协议的可能;对于收养成年人的无效收养行为,可转换为遗赠扶养协议或意定监护协议。

There are defects in the existing views on the basis of the invalid liquidation of adoption.Article 157 of the Civil Code shall be used as the basis for the decision,which shall apply not only to the absolute invalidity of the adoption,but also to the cancellation of the adoption and determination of the adoption to be ineffective.The subjects of adoption are the adopter,the adoptee and the biological parents.However,since the adoptee has no full capacity for civil conduct,the subjects of invalid liquidation of the adoption shall be the adopter and the biological parents.When the adoption is invalid,the property delivered as a result of adoption should be returned.If it is not possible to return,the parties should be compensated at a discount.If the adoption is invalid,there may also be liability for damages.This liability is based on fault,and the scope of compensation includes the loss of reliance interest and mental damage,excluding loss of opportunity.Invalid adoption cannot be corrected,but can be converted.For the invalid adoption of minors,it is possible to establish a support agreement or entrusted guardianship agreement;and for the invalid adoption of adults,it can be converted into a legacysupport agreement or a contract of arbitrary guardianship.