思想、制度与皇家艺术机构:元明书法教育的三个向度

Ideology,Institution,and Imperial Art Academies:Three Dimensions of Chinese Calligraphic Education During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties

文化、政策和制度的变动及延续性是考察元明书法教育的基础性问题。儒学与儒生在元代的处境直接关系到书法的发展状况。科举的废止、重开及朱元璋朝将其作为强化政治统治与思想控制的有力工具,并在书法上实施严格的规定和限制极大地影响了元明的书法教育。元代书法的兴盛还与元文宗时期的奎章阁有着密不可分的关系。同样,明代洪武年间出现的中书科等官方书吏机构,也从国家层面对书法教育发挥作用。

The change and continuity of culture,policies,and institutions are the basic issues in the examination of calligraphic education in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.The situation of Yuan Confucianism and Confucian scholars is directly related to the development of calligraphy.The abolition and reopening of the imperial examination and its use by Zhu Yuanzhang as a powerful tool to strengthen political rule and ideological control,as well as the strict regulations and restrictions imposed on calligraphy,greatly affected Yuan and Ming calligraphic education.The prosperity of calligraphy in the Yuan dynasty is also inevitably linked to the Kuizhang Pavilion奎章阁(Hall of Literature)under the reign of Yuan Wenzong.Similarly,Ming official institutions such as the Zhong Shu Ke(Palace Secretariat)that emerged during the Hongwu period also played a role in calligraphic education on a national level.