哈尼梯田灌溉制度对山区农村水资源管理体制改革的启示

THE ENLIGHTENMENT OF THE HANI TERRACED IRRIGATION SYSTEM TO THE REFORM OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS

以元阳县攀枝花乡阿勐控村哈尼梯田灌溉制度为例,应用公共池塘资源管理理论,结合案例研究与文献研究,分析哈尼梯田灌溉水资源管理制度的特点及其可长期延续的原因。研究发现,哈尼梯田灌溉制度长期可持续的原因在于:(1)哈尼梯田灌溉系统与管理高度适应当地自然和社会环境;(2)通过沟长—(水利委员会)—用水农户的层级制管理组织,责任明确;(3)通过“木刻分水”的分配体系,建立了权利与责任对等的灌溉水资源分配制度,保障了灌溉系统运行所需的劳动力与资金投入;(4)沟长负责、全体参与的运行机制,实现了低成本但有效的监督与制裁体系,减少“搭便车”的行为。

The features of Hani Rice Terrace irrigation water management system and reason for its long-term sustainability was analyzed,based on case study of the irrigation system of Amengkong Village,Yuanyang County,with the common pool resource theory.The following features contributed to the sustainability of Hani Rice Terrace water systems were found:(1)The irrigation system and water resources management institutions highly adapted to local natural and social environment;(2)An accountable management organization was established through a hierarchical organization of canal master-(irrigation committee)-water users;(3)A simple and clear allocation system with symmetric rights and responsibilities to guarantee the labors and funds to maintain irrigation infrastructures:(4)An operation mechanism of‘led by cannel master and participated by all’resulted in low costs and effective monitoring and sanction,and reduced free-rider behaviors.