明洪武小黄册编制地域单位及大小甲问题浅探

Study on the Compilation Unit and Size of Jia of the Small Yellow Register in the Early Hongwu Period of Ming Dynasty

明洪武初在南方部分地区试行的小黄册,其编制原则是以“都”为基本地域单位攒造,都下包含多个里甲组织。而在以穿甲法攒造的小黄册中,习惯将百户人户组成的一个里甲组织称为“第某甲”,其下由十户甲首户组成的甲首甲则称为“甲下第某甲”。此种以“都”为基本地域单位编造小黄册的形式,反映了明洪武初江南部分地区承袭自宋元时期的“都保”制,正在逐渐演变为一种地域单位,而将百户人户组成的里甲组织进行轮役,则反映“里甲”正在逐步成为江南部分地区的最基层人户管理组织单位。洪武十四年(1381年)全国推行赋役黄册里甲制度之后,小黄册攒造由“一都一册”变为“一里一册,册首总为一图”,“里“”图”概念形成,并成为了明代乡村人户组织基层单位。

At the beginning of Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty,the basic compilation principle of the Small Yellow Register of Lijia was to base “Du” as a geographical unit,which contained multiple Lijia organizations.In the Small Yellow Register,which was run by “Chuanjia system”,it was customary to call a Lijia organization composed of 100 households as the “First Jia”.In the meantime,“Jia Shou Jia” composed of 10 households we can call “the certain Jia under the big Jia”.This form of compiling a Small Yellow Register with the “Du” as the basic regional unit proves the “Dubao” system which inherited from the Song and Yuan dynasties had gradually evolved into a regional unit.In the 14th year of Hongwu's reign(1381),after the nationwide implementation of the system of tax and service in the yellow registers,the collection and manufacture of the Small Yellow Register changed from “one volume per Du” to “one volume per Li,and the first volume is always a Tu”.The concept of “Li” and “Tu” was formed,and became the grass-roots unit of rural household organizations in the Ming Dynasty.