论洪武初年浙江里甲的外役户——以静嘉堂文库藏《汉书》纸背文书为中心

On the Waiyi Households of Zhejiang Lijia in the Early Hongwu Era:Based on the Documents on the Back of the Papers of Han Shu Collected by Seikado Bunko

明洪武二、三年浙江行省攒造试行黄册时,将祗候、桥夫、步夫、铺兵等作为外役户编入里甲,由正管户带管。祗候起源于北宋,负责在县衙门传达文书政令。鉴于元朝之弊,明初从小心细致、无不良记录、拥有田产的民户中差拨祗候。桥夫负责浮桥摆渡或桥梁维护,步夫负责在水马驿以脚力递送货物。浙江里甲通过区分正管户与外役户,将元代公役吸收进里甲制框架。外役户的户名与分派方式提前确定,与正管户按相同科则缴纳税粮。洪武十四年编赋役黄册后,外役户与均工夫逐渐消失,形成里甲正役为主、杂役为辅的明代徭役体系。

From 1369 to 1370,when Zhejiang Province was compiling Trial Yellow Register,Zhihou,Qiaofu,Bufu,Pubing and other Waiyi household were incorporated into the Lijia system under the control of Zhengguan household.Zhihou originated from the Northern Song Dynasty,who were responsible for the transmission of documents and orders at the county offices.In view of the shortcomings of the Yuan Dynasty,the court of the early Ming Dynasty appointed Zhihou from careful and meticulous households,who had no illegal records and own land and property.Qiaofu were responsible for ferrying pontoons or maintaining bridges,while Bufu were responsible for delivering goods by foot.Zhejiang Lijia incorporated the public service of the Yuan Dynasty into the framework of Lijia system by distinguishing between Zhengguan household and Waiyi household.The names of Waiyi household were determined in advance,who paid the same taxes and grain as Zhengguan household.After 1381,when the compilation of the Yellow Register started,the Waiyi households and Jungongfu gradually disappeared,forming a Ming Dynasty corvée pattern in which the regular service of Lijia was the main service and the auxiliary service was supplementary.