时间地理学视角下职住空间对通勤效率的影响研究--以昆明市双职工家庭为例

Influence of Jobs-Housing Space on Commuting Efficiency from the Perspective of Time Geography:A Case Study of Dual-Job Family in Kunming

家庭职住空间是城市通勤格局形成的重要影响因素,而通勤效率是居民日常出行行为决策的评价标准之一,剖析二者间互动机理是优化城市空间布局及提高交通可达性的关键。基于时间地理学理论建立职住空间与通勤效率研究框架,提出家庭职住空间和通勤效率度量方法,利用2016年昆明市居民出行调查数据,采用结构方程模型探讨职住空间对通勤效率的影响机理。研究表明:职住空间分散的家庭倾向于将非工作活动嵌入通勤链或采用小汽车出行以提高通勤效率,但更高的小汽车拥有水平会增加接送类时空固定性较强的活动,最终导致家庭通勤效率降低;高收入和长住学距离均使家庭的职住空间更加分散,然而高收入促进通勤效率提高,而长住学距离使通勤效率下降;通勤效率具有显著的空间异质性特征,近市中心居住家庭的非工作活动以时空灵活性较强的购物与休闲为主,故而通勤效率较高,郊区居住家庭周边的商业设施较少且非工作活动较为固定,故而通勤效率较低。因此,城市用地布局和住房供给应综合考虑如何降低通勤交通的机动化依赖程度、如何缩短非工作活动的出行时耗以及不同社会经济属性家庭的需求,以逐步提高城市居民的通勤效率。

Household jobs-housing space is an important factor influencing the formation of urban commuting patterns while commuting efficiency is one of the evaluation criteria of residents'daily travel behavior.Discussing the interaction mechanism between jobs-housing space and commuting efficiency is the key to optimizing urban spatial structure and accessibility.Based on the time geography theory,a research framework of jobs-housing space as well as commuting behavior and the methodology to measure commuting efficiency is proposed.Based on the 2016 Kunming travel survey data of residents,the paper explore the influence mechanism of jobs-housing space and commuting behavior using structural equation modeling.The results show that households with jobs-housing space separation tend to embed non-work activities into the commuting travel chain or use cars to improve commuting efficiency.However,a higher level of car ownership will increase the temporal-spatial fixed activities such as pick up and drop off children,which will eventually lead to the reduction of family commuting efficiency.High incomes promote the efficiency of commuting,while the long distance between residence and school reduces the efficiency of commuting.In addition,there is significant spatial heterogeneity in commuting efficiency.Non-work activities of households in near-city centers travel mainly for shopping and leisure with high spatial-time flexibility,and the commuting efficiency of households in suburban areas is lower due to fewer commercial facilities and more regular non-work activities.Therefore,urban land layout and housing supply should consider how to reduce the motorized dependence of commuting travel,how to shorten the travel time of non-work activities and the needs of families with different socio-economic attributes,so as to improve the commuting efficiency of urban households.