“样子”的助词化及其句法语义效应

The Particleization of"Yang Zi(样子)"and its Syntactic-Semantic Effects

“样子”是表示主观推测的句末助词,发生了去范畴化现象,经“具体的样子→抽象的样子→基于样子的推测”发展而来的,这是隐喻与转喻共同作用的结果,语用推理在“样子”的虚化过程也发挥作用。“样子”句法位置粘着,可以后附在事件小句和数量结构之后。“样子”附于事件小句后表示对事件进程的推测,附于数量结构后表示估量,表示的是以数量结构为中心上下浮动的主观游移量。说话人对事件小句或量的必然或实然无法做出准确的认识,是确定性较低的或然判断,语篇模式是“S1推测依据,S2推测结论”。

"yang zi(样子)",a particle indicating subjective speculation,has undergone decategorization through the process of"concrete appearance→abstract appearance→speculation based on appearance".This is the result of the combined effect of metaphor and metonymy,and pragmatic reasoning also plays a role in its grammaticalization.The syntactic position of"yang zi(样子)"can be after event clauses and quantity structures."yang zi(样子)"after the event clause means speculation on the progress of the event,and after the quantity structure means estimation,expressing the subjective amount of movement floating up and down with the quantity structure as the center.The speaker is unable to make an accurate understanding of the event clause or quantity,which leads to probabilistic judgment with low certainty.The discourse model is"S1 is the speculation basis,S2 is the speculation conclusion".