常用词“塌”对“崩”的历时替换

The Chronological Substitution of the High-frequency Word Ta(塌)for Beng(崩)

从汉语词汇史的角度来看,“崩”和“塌”在“倒塌”义上存在历时替换关系。“崩”早在先秦就已出现,直至宋元都是表示“倒塌”义的常用词。“塌”则产生于唐代,宋元时期其适用范围扩大,使用频率增加,与“崩”展开竞争。但由于“崩”的词义负担过重,加之受求新原则和经济原则的影响,“塌”在明清时期基本替换了“崩”,“崩”多保留在成语等固定搭配中。直至现代汉语时期,“塌”都是表示“倒塌”义的主导词。

From the perspective of Chinese vocabulary history,beng(崩)and ta(塌)have chronological substitution relations in the sense of“collapse.”Beng(崩)appeared as early as the pre-Qin period,and it was a high-frequency word to mean“collapse”until the Song and Yuan Dynasties.Ta(塌)was produced in the Tang Dynasty.In the Song and Yuan Dynasties,its scope of application was constantly expanded,and its frequency of use increased signifi cantly,forming a situation of competition with beng(崩).However,due to the heavy burden of the meaning of beng(崩)and the infl uence of the principle of novelty and economic principles,beng(崩)was basically replaced by ta(塌)in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,and the synonyms of beng(崩)were mostly retained in fi xed collocation such as idioms.Until the modern Chinese period,ta(塌)has been the dominant word meaning“collapse.”