华风与夷俗:金代宫廷散乐考论

Chinese Style and Minority Custom:the Textual Research of Court San Yue in Jin Dynasty

散乐源于周代,不同历史时期表演内容各有差异。金之宫廷散乐因袭辽、宋体制,以宋尤甚。演奏任务由教坊承担,内容不仅包括歌舞、杂戏、器乐合奏、杂剧等百戏形式,亦有杂技、角抵、戏马、筑球等竞技类活动,应用于元旦朝会、肆赦仪、民俗节日、曲宴使者等场合,且杂剧在散乐表演中成为主流。萨满舞、回旋舞等女真族元素的使用,阶官制度的施行,乐官地位的提高以及伶人构成的多样性等是其有别于辽、宋散乐的显著特征。一方面,金代宫廷散乐遣怀享乐、悦耳娱心,通过宏大的歌舞场面烘托祥和、喜庆的氛围,助“礼”的同时更助“兴”;另一方面,与酒礼盏制的配合,使散乐的仪式功能大于娱乐功能,所蕴含的政治意义更为突出,成为金代宫廷礼乐文化的重要组成部分。

San Yue originated from the Zhou Dynasty,and has different connotations in different historical periods.The court music of the Jin Dynasty followed the Liao and Song Dynasties,especially in the Song Dynasty.The performance task is undertaken by the Jiaofang.The content includes not only singing and dancing,Zaxi,instrumental ensemble,Zaju,etc.,but also competitive activities such as acrobatics,horns,horses,and ball building.The status of Zaju in scattered music performances is quite high and has become the mainstream.It is used in occasions such as New Year’s Day court meetings,pardoning rituals,folk festivals,and envoys.The use of Jurchen elements such as shaman and whirling music and dance,the implementation of the rank official system,the improvement of the status of music officials,and the diversity of actors are the distinctive features that distinguish it from the Liao and Song San Yue culture.On the one hand,the court entertainment of the Jin Dynasty was used to entertain and amuse the heart and ears,and to set off a peaceful and festive atmosphere through grand singing and dancing scenes,helping“ceremony”and“happiness”at the same time;With the cooperation of the system,the ritual function of San Yue is greater than the entertainment function,and the political significance contained is more prominent,and it has become an important part of the court ritual and music culture in the Jin Dynasty.