德国融合教育改革何以失败及其引发的理论思考

Why the Reform of German Inclusive Education Fails and Its Reflections

德国融合教育改革进程缓慢,是欧盟融合教育比例最低、特殊教育最为发达的国家,是一次失败的融合教育改革。检视德国融合教育的改革实践,发现德国分流的教育传统、各州之间差异化的融合教育政策、发达的特殊教育体系,以及对融合教育质量的过度重视是导致德国融合教育改革失败的主要原因。通过考察德国融合教育的改革,引发对融合教育中四个基本理论问题的思考:理解残疾的不同模式、科学合理地安置残疾学生的方式、融合教育成功与否的评价问题、特殊教育学校与普通学校之间的关系。通过对这几个问题的思考,研究认为融合教育是兼具公平与质量的教育形式,在具体实施过程中要坚持适宜融合原则,以该原则为指导力求实现教育质量与教育公平的有机统一。

Germany is a country with the lowest proportion of inclusive education and the most developed special education in the EU.Examining the reform practice of inclusive education in Germany,it is found that the main reasons for the failure of inclusive education reform in Germany are the diverging educational tradition in Germany,the unbalanced development of education among states,the developed special education system and the excessive emphasis on the quality of inclusive education.By reviewing the inclusive education reform in Germany,the following four issues are considered:First,how to understand disability?Medical model vs sociological model?Second,how to reasonably arrange disabled students?Isolation vs.Inclusion?Third,how to evaluate the success of inclusive education:proportion versus quality?Fourth,how to correctly handle the relationship between special education schools and ordinary schools?Repulsion versus symbiosis?