宋代谒刺表征与礼俗变迁研究——以门状与手状为例

Study on the Representation of Visiting and the Changes of Rites and Customs in the Song Dynasty:Taking“Meng Zhuang”and“Shou Zhuang”as Examples

门状本是滥觞于秦汉间的拜谒媒介,唐时却被粉饰为巧馅曲媚、权衡贵贱的工具。宋初伴随“士”群体社会地位的提高以及精神平等意识的崛起,门状书写展露出“谦尊而光”“以贵下贱”的待士态度。此时手状也剥离宋初的等级化内涵,其亲笔书写、轻省简便、情感真挚的性质,更符合“士”阶层尤其是新儒家对于“礼”的解读与施行。门状与手状同时走向实用主义的道路。元祐时期,在崇尚个性、博学、礼仪而又鄙视虚伪、刁滑、伪善的世俗生态下,手状进一步形塑成展示自我风仪、高远人格和雅致生活的载体,同时彰显出士大夫的党群特征与同类相从的身份认同。南渡后掀起重建“礼”的政治文化风潮,要求将社会礼俗道德“整齐划一”,于是门状重归,而门状所代表的盛礼,伴随理学的僵化产生变异,最终造成“礼虽至矣,情则反疏”。宋末时,门状与手状更是随国力凋敝,体现出时代格局枷锁下士人狭隘的襟怀。要之,门状与手状的演变历程展现了两宋三百年间的文化思潮、政俗变迁,也从侧面演绎出两宋士大夫群体对“礼”的思想认知与重建“礼”制的历时图景。

Meng Zhuang was originally a visiting medium originated in the Qin and Han Dynasties,but in the Tang Dynasty,it was disguised as a tool for weighing the noble and the humble.At the beginning of the Song Dynasty,with the improvement of the social status of the scholar bureaucrats and their strong sense of spiritual equality,Meng Zhuang revealed the attitude of treating scholars that“noble people are modest and show their virtue”and“associate with common people in a noble identity”.At this time,Shou Zhuang also stripped off the hierarchical connotation of the early Song Dynasty.Its handwritten,simple,and sincere nature were more in line with the interpretation and implementation of the“rite”by the scholar class,especially the new Confucianism.Meng Zhuang and Shou Zhuang moved towards the road of pragmatism at the same time.In the Yuanyou period,under the secular ecology of advocating individuality,erudition,etiquette and disdaining hypocrisy,cunningness and hypocrisy,Shou Zhuang was further shaped into a carrier to display self demeanor,lofty personality and elegant life,and at the same time,it demonstrated the party mass characteristics and identity of the scholar bureaucrats.In the Southern Song Dynasty,there was a political and cultural trend to rebuild“etiquette”,which required the social etiquette and morals to be“orderly and uniform”,so Meng Zhuang returned.The grand etiquette represented by Meng Zhuang,accompanied by the rigidity of Neo Confucianism,changed and finally caused“etiquette is very grand,but emotion is alienated”.At the end of the Song Dynasty,Meng Zhuang and Shou Zhuang declined with the national strength,reflecting the narrow mind of the scholars under the shackles of the times.To sum up,the evolution process of Meng Zhuang and Shou Zhuang shows the changes of cultural trends and political customs during the three hundred years of the Song Dynasty,and also shows the historical prospect of the scholar bureaucrat groups in the Song Dynasty to recognize the“ritual”and rebuild the“ritual”system.