论自动化行政中的权利减损及其救济

On the Derogation of Rights in Automated Administration and Its Remedies

自动化行政是人工智能技术嵌入行政领域后的一种新型行政行为方式,它极大地提高了行政管理与服务的效率和水平,但同时也不可避免地带来了权力与权利格局失衡的风险,实质性地损害了相对人的诸多权利,如隐私权、知情权、陈述申辩以及选择权和拒绝权。剖析权利减损的背后成因可发现,自动化行政的特性在不同程度上交叉式地造成了实质法治的背离、权利保障的遮蔽、正当程序的架空和行政责任的逃逸。有鉴于此,亟须通过坚持数字正义明晰系统理性、实现有意义的技术信息公开与解释、回归正当性原则、细化裁量与充分履行调查义务、事后寻求行政复议与诉讼并确认责任主体等途径和方式,以补强相对人被减损的合法权利,实现公共行政技术化与法治化的深度融合。

Automatic administration is a new administrative behavior mode after artificial intelligence technology is embedded in the administrative field.It greatly improves the efficiency and level of administrative management and service,but it also inevitably brings the risk of imbalance of power and right pattern,and substantially damages the counterpart's many rights,such as the right to privacy,the right to know,the right to state and defend,and the right to choose and reject.By analyzing the causes behind the derogation of rights,it is found that the characteristics of automatic administration in different degrees lead to the deviation of the substantive rule of law,the shading of the protection of rights,the overhead of due process and the escape of administrative responsibility.In view of this,there is an urgent need to strengthen the legal rights of the relative by insisting on digital justice,clarifying system rationality,making meaningful disclosure and explanation,returning to the principle of legitimacy,refining discretion and fully fulfilling the obligation of investigation,seeking administrative reconsideration and litigation and confirming the subject of responsibility,so as to realize the deep integration of public administration technology and rule of law.