“虚中求出实”:张载“诚”学析论

Seeking Reality from Virtuality:Analysis of Zhang Zai's Philosophy of Cheng(诚)

“诚”是张载“天人合一”哲学体系中的核心概念。“诚”乃“太虚”之“实”,“太虚”之“实”在于“气”。从天道而言,天之“诚”在于“太虚”,“太虚”因是“气之本体”而为实有,万物因“太虚”之“诚”而真实无妄,生生不息;“太虚”虽有“虚”的名义,“实”(“诚”)却是它的本性,张载以“太虚”之“实”对抗佛道之虚妄、空无。从人道而言,“太虚”是价值本原,人类应秉承“太虚”之“诚”性,在体认“性与天道合一”基础上实现“天地之性”;工夫之“诚”在于实行实践,张载主张在躬行礼教、践行仁孝之中体现“诚”的精神。现实世界的真实性与儒家价值的正当性都在张载对“诚”的诠释中获得了说明。

Cheng(诚)is the core concept in Zhang Zai’s philosophy of the Heaven-and-man combination.Cheng is the reality of Emptiness and the reality of Emptiness lies in Qi.From the perspective of heaven,the Cheng of the heaven relies on Emptiness,which is real because it is the essence of Qi.Everything is real and endless owing to the Cheng of Emptiness.Although Emptiness has the name of virtuality,Reality is its nature.Zhang Zai used the Reality of Emptiness to fight against the nothingness of Buddhism and Taoism.From the perspective of humanism,Emptiness is the principle of value.Human beings should uphold the Cheng nature and realize the nature of heaven-earth on the basis of recognizing the unity of nature-heaven.The Cheng of effort depends on practice.Zhang Zai advocated that the spirit of Cheng should be embodied in the practice of etiquette and filial piety.The authenticity of the real world and the legitimacy of Confucian values are explained in Zhang Zai's interpretation of Cheng.