教育能阻断相对贫困的代际传递吗?——来自中国家庭追踪调查的经验证据

Can Education Prevent the Intergenerational Transmission of Relative Poverty?Empirical Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies

在我国扶贫工作实现从消除绝对贫困转向缓解相对贫困的历史性跨越背景下,相对贫困的代际传递成为制约社会公平和经济稳定的重要因素,深度解析教育在其中的阻断作用可为新时期扶贫工作提供有益参考。本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2018年微观数据,首先采用代际收入转移矩阵考察我国相对贫困代际传递现状,其次运用Probit模型检验不同受教育程度对子代摆脱相对贫困的影响,最后对教育的阻断效应进行异质性分析。研究结果显示:(1)我国有接近五分之二的相对贫困由父代传递给子代。(2)不同受教育程度阻断相对贫困代际传递存在显著差异,受教育程度在高中及以上才可以促进子代摆脱相对贫困,高等教育阻断相对贫困代际传递的作用效果最为明显。(3)在地区异质性方面,高等教育对西部地区相对贫困代际传递的阻断效应最大,东北部和中部次之,东部最小。高中教育仅对西部地区子代摆脱相对贫困作用显著。在城乡异质性方面,高等教育对农村子代相对贫困代际传递的阻断效应高于城镇,高中教育促进农村子代摆脱相对贫困的效果不显著。因此,在相对贫困治理中,要高度重视教育在阻断相对贫困代际传递中的重要作用,充分发挥教育的“靶向扶贫”功能。

In the historical background of poverty alleviation in China shifting from eradicating absolute poverty to alleviating relative poverty,intergenerational transmission of relative poverty has become an important factor hindering social equity and economic stability.A deep analysis of the blocking effect of education can provide useful reference for poverty alleviation work in the new era.This article is based on the 2018 data of the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS).First,the intergenerational income transfer matrix is used to examine the current situation of intergenerational transmission of relative poverty in China.Then,a Probit model is used to test the impact of different levels of education on the ability of offspring to escape relative poverty.Finally,heterogeneity analysis is conducted on the blocking effect of education.The research results show that:(1)Nearly two-fifths of relative poverty in China is transmitted from parents to offspring.(2)There are significant differences in the blocking effect of intergenerational transmission of relative poverty at different levels of education.Only education at high school level or above can promote offspring to escape relative poverty,and the blocking effect of higher education is the most significant.(3)In terms of regional heterogeneity,higher education has the greatest blocking effect on intergenerational transmission of relative poverty in Western China,followed by Northeast and Central China,and the smallest effect is in Eastern China.High school education only has a significant effect on promoting offspring in Western China to escape relative poverty.In terms of urban-rural heterogeneity,the blocking effect of higher education on intergenerational transmission of relative poverty in rural areas is higher than in urban areas,and the effect of high school education on promoting rural offspring to escape relative poverty is not significant.Therefore,in the governance of relative poverty,we should attach great importance to the important role of education in blocking intergenerational transmission of relative poverty and give full play to the targeted poverty alleviation function of education.