洱海湖滨新建人工塘群对洱海地区水鸟多样性的维持作用

Effects of Newly‑Built Artificial Ponds Complex on Maintaining the Biodiversity of Waterfowls of Erhai Lake Area,Yunnan

塘湿地是淡水生物关键的栖息地,与大面积水体自然湿地相比,新建人工塘群对地区水鸟多样性的维持作用并没有得到重视。本研究于2021年3月—2022年2月逐月对洱海及其生态廊道新建人工塘群(206个)进行了调查,分别记录到水鸟43种和37种;洱海与人工塘群的共有物种为26种,仅在洱海中记录到的水鸟有17种,仅在人工塘群中记录到的水鸟有11种;全年Jaccard群落相似性指数为0.48,为中等不相似。除秋季外,春季、夏季和冬季的洱海水鸟物种丰富度均显著高于人工塘群的;除春季外,夏季、秋季和冬季的人工塘群水鸟密度均显著高于洱海的。虽然洱海水鸟群落的物种丰富度高于人工塘群的,但两者之间的优势功能类群组成不同:洱海以潜水水鸟为主,人工塘群则以大型涉禽为主。洱海湖滨新建人工塘群以浅水池塘为主,这在一定程度上可以弥补洱海浅水水鸟栖息地不足的问题,尤其能够为秋季迁徙鸻鹬类提供重要的栖息地,为洱海地区景观上不容忽视的水鸟栖息地。

Ponds are critical habitats for freshwater organisms.The contribution of newly built artificial ponds complex to the maintenance of regional waterfowl diversity has received less attention.The waterfowl population in Erhai Lake and the newly built artificial ponds complex(206 ponds)in the lakeshore were surveyed monthly from March 2021 to February 2022.A total of 43 and 37 species were observed in Erhai Lake and the artificial ponds complex,respectively.Twenty-six species of waterfowl were observed in both Lake Erhai and the artificial ponds complex,and 17 species occurred only in Erhai Lake and 11 species occurred only in the artificial ponds complex.The annual Jaccard community similarity index between the two assessed habitats was 0.48,indicating medium dissimilarity.Waterfowl species richness was significantly higher in the lake except for the autumn season,and the individual density in the artificial ponds complex was significantly higher than that in the lake except for the spring season.The dominant ecological guild of the two areas is different.Diving birds were the dominant ecological guild in Erhai Lake during the whole year,while large shorebirds were abundant in the artificial ponds complex.The newly built artificial ponds are mainly shallow ponds,which can make up for the shortage of shallow water bird habitat in Erhai Lake to a certain extent.This study suggests that the newly-built artificial ponds complex is an important habitat for waterfowl,especially for migrating shorebirds in autumn,and this should not be ignored in the landscape layout in the Erhai Lake region.