体育制裁:一个国际法视角下的分析

A Framework Analysis of "Sports Sanctions" from the Perspective of International Law

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等,对“体育制裁”的国际法依据、新属性和存在问题进行了分析。研究发现,体育政治化演化出“体育抵制”“体育外交抵制”“体育制裁”3种对抗形式。“体育制裁”区别于传统的国际组织实施的集体制裁和国家发起的单边制裁;“体育制裁”是由非政府性质的国际体育组织发起并实施,且由政府配合的新形式。国际奥委会对俄罗斯的“体育制裁”存在一定的合法性危机,具有“私人司法”的属性,“体育制裁”的负面效果与其正面效应不具有相称性,针对“体育制裁”的救济途径较为有限。建议:国际体育组织应恪守“政治中立”原则,尽量避免使用“体育制裁”而使自身陷入国际政治冲突中。为保障“体育制裁”的正当性、合法性,“体育制裁”的决策、实施和相关救济应该被纳入联合国体制,在联合国成立一个体育机构,或者建立体育多边磋商机制,避免国际体育组织的“体育制裁”游离于国际法体系之外。

The article employs methods such as literature review and logical analysis to examine the basis for international law,new attributes,and existing international legal issues related to"sports sanctions".The study finds that the politicization of sports has evolved into three typical confrontational forms:"sports boycott","sports diplomacy boycott",and"sports sanctions".Distinct from traditional collective sanctions imposed by international organizations and unilateral sanctions initiated by states,"sports sanctions"are a new form of sanction initiated and implemented by non-governmental international sports organizations,with government cooperation.The International Olympic Committee′s"sports sanctions"against Russia face a certain crisis of legitimacy and possess the qualities of"private justice".The negative effects generated by"sports sanctions"are not proportional to the positive effects received.Remedies for"sports sanctions"are rather limited.Accordingly the following suggestions are presented:International sports organizations should adhere to the principle of"political neutrality"and avoid using"sports sanctions",which may involve themselves in international political conflicts;To ensure the legitimacy and legality of"sports sanctions",the decision-making,implementation,and related remedies should be incorporated into the United Nations system;A sports agency should be established within the United Nations as soon as possible or a multilateral sports consultation mechanism should be created to prevent"sports sanctions"imposed by international sports organizations from operating outside the international legal system.