设计生态系统的一般方法框架及其在典型模式中的应用

General Method Framework of Designed Ecosystem and Its Application in Typical Habitat Creation Modes

依据生态学与设计学的原理,提出设计生态系统的一般方法框架,即以提供综合生态系统服务为导向,以生态系统的基本规律为依据,通过水土平衡的生境营造、稳定有序的乡土生物网配置和最小干预的游憩设施介入,构建人与自然耦合的生态系统。同时,依据生态修复设计实践及国内外经典生态工程设计指南,从结构、材料和辅助措施三方面梳理和总结设计生态系统的关键设计参数,共计31项。在此基础上,依据传统生态智慧工程化的思路,提出梯田、陂塘、基塘和垛田4种生境营造模式在基本模式特征、生境单元塑造、水循环调节、土壤环境调节、生物群落配置和游憩设施构建方面的具体设计方法与量化参数。研究结果可为我国当前面临的大面积生态系统修复工程实践提供一种可工程化和可复制推广的设计方法和模式。

Based on the principles of ecology and design,the general method framework of designed ecosystem was put forward.The framework is guided by the provision of integrated ecosystem services and based on the basic laws of the ecosystem,which aims to create a balanced habitat of soil and water,configure a stable and orderly local biological network,and design recreation facilities with minimum intervention.At the same time,according to the practice of ecological restoration design and the classical ecological engineering design guides,this study summarized the key design parameters of the designed ecosystem from three aspects:structure,materials and auxiliary measures,a total of 31 items.On this basis,to engineer the traditional ecological wisdom,specific design methods and quantitative parameters of terrace,impounding-pond,dike-pond and stacking-fields habitat creation modes in the aspects of basic model characteristics,habitat unit shaping,water cycle regulation,soil environment regulation,biological community allocation and recreation facilities construction were put forward.This result provides an engineering and replicable method for the practice of large area ecosystem restoration engineering in China.