国外重复跳跃能力研究进展与展望

The research progress and prospect of repetitive jump ability abroad

为全面认识重复跳跃能力,通过梳理国外相关文献,对国外重复跳跃能力的影响因素、测试方法、训练策略的研究进展进行探索。研究认为:(1)影响因素方面,生理学因素包括无氧能力、热环境、年龄和性别;生物力学因素包括肢体间协调性、垂直刚度、峰值力、腾空与触地时间、下肢关节角度和肌肉激活程度;训练学因素包括下肢爆发力、相对力量和反应力量。(2)测试方法方面,不同方法的区别与联系集中在动作模式、持续时间、间歇和跳跃频率;功率指标具有较高的信效度,个别方法中跳跃高度和疲劳指数指标缺乏信效度检验;测试方法多应用于以跳跃为主要形式的运动项目以及强调重复执行下肢爆发性动作的项目,可用于评估下肢爆发力耐力和无氧能力。(3)训练策略方面,急性训练包括深蹲练习和冷疗恢复;长期训练包括专项实战训练、增强式训练、增强式与抗阻的组合训练和重复冲刺训练。未来研究应关注:(1)探讨有氧能力对间歇跳跃表现的影响,以及重复跳跃时上肢摆臂动作生物力学参数的变化及其对跳跃表现的影响;(2)优化与开发符合专项特点的测试方法与指标;(3)进一步丰富急性和长期训练策略。

To comprehensively understand the repetitive jump ability,this paper explores the research progress of repetitive jump ability abroad by reviewing related foreign literature,including the influencing factors,testing methods,and training strategy.The results show that:(1)in terms of influencing factors,physiological factors include anaerobic capacity,thermal environment,age and gender;biomechanical factors include inter-limb coordination,vertical stiffness,peak force,flight and ground contact times,lower-extremity joint angles,and muscle activation degree;training factors include lower-limb explosive force,relative strength and reaction strength.(2)in terms of testing methods,the differences and connections between various methods focus on movement pattern,duration,interval and jump frequency;the power index has high reliability and validity,but the jump height and fatigue index in some methods lack of test with reliability and validity.The testing methods are commonly applied to sports primarily involving in jump and to sports that emphasizes on conducting repeated explosive lower-limb movements.These methods can used to evaluate lower-limb explosive power endurance and anaerobic capacity.(3)Regarding training strategy,acute training includes squat exercises and cold therapy recovery;long-term training includes specific practical training,plyometrics,combination training of plyometrics and resistance,and repeated-sprint training.The future research should be focus on followings:(1)exploring the influence of aerobic capacity on interval jump performance,as well as the changes in biomechanical parameters of upper-limb swing motion and their impacts on jump performance during repetitive jump;(2)optimizing and developing testing methods and indicators that are consistent with the characteristics about the sports;(3)further enriching acute and long-term training strategy.